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This is the documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, a flexible and powerful boot loader program for a wide range of architectures.
This edition documents version 2.03.
This manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.03, 10 April 2024).
Copyright © 1999,2000,2001,2002,2004,2006,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections.
• Introduction: | Capturing the spirit of GRUB | |
• Naming convention: | Names of your drives in GRUB | |
• OS-specific notes about grub tools: | Some notes about OS-specific behaviour of GRUB tools | |
• Installation: | Installing GRUB on your drive | |
• Booting: | How to boot different operating systems | |
• Configuration: | Writing your own configuration file | |
• Theme file format: | Format of GRUB theme files | |
• Network: | Downloading OS images from a network | |
• Serial terminal: | Using GRUB via a serial line | |
• Vendor power-on keys: | Changing GRUB behaviour on vendor power-on keys | |
• Images: | GRUB image files | |
• Core image size limitation: | GRUB image files size limitations | |
• Filesystem: | Filesystem syntax and semantics | |
• Interface: | The menu and the command-line | |
• Environment: | GRUB environment variables | |
• Commands: | The list of available builtin commands | |
• Internationalisation: | Topics relating to language support | |
• Security: | Authentication, authorisation, and signatures | |
• Platform limitations: | The list of platform-specific limitations | |
• Platform-specific operations: | Platform-specific operations | |
• Supported kernels: | The list of supported kernels | |
• Troubleshooting: | Error messages produced by GRUB | |
• Invoking grub2-install: | How to use the GRUB installer | |
• Invoking grub2-mkconfig: | Generate a GRUB configuration file | |
• Invoking grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2: | Generate GRUB password hashes | |
• Invoking grub2-mkrelpath: | Make system path relative to its root | |
• Invoking grub2-mkrescue: | Make a GRUB rescue image | |
• Invoking grub2-mount: | Mount a file system using GRUB | |
• Invoking grub2-probe: | Probe device information for GRUB | |
• Invoking grub2-script-check: | Check GRUB script file for syntax errors | |
• Obtaining and Building GRUB: | How to obtain and build GRUB | |
• Reporting bugs: | Where you should send a bug report | |
• Future: | Some future plans on GRUB | |
• Copying This Manual: | Copying This Manual | |
• Index: |
Next: Naming convention, Previous: Top, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
• Overview: | What exactly GRUB is and how to use it | |
• History: | From maggot to house fly | |
• Changes from GRUB Legacy: | Differences from previous versions | |
• Features: | GRUB features | |
• Role of a boot loader: | The role of a boot loader |
Next: History, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
Briefly, a boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to an operating system kernel software (such as Linux or GNU Mach). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system (e.g. a GNU system).
GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader, which can load a wide variety of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating systems with chain-loading1. GRUB is designed to address the complexity of booting a personal computer; both the program and this manual are tightly bound to that computer platform, although porting to other platforms may be addressed in the future.
One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB understands filesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load an arbitrary operating system the way you like, without recording the physical position of your kernel on the disk. Thus you can load the kernel just by specifying its file name and the drive and partition where the kernel resides.
When booting with GRUB, you can use either a command-line interface (see Command-line interface), or a menu interface (see Menu interface). Using the command-line interface, you type the drive specification and file name of the kernel manually. In the menu interface, you just select an OS using the arrow keys. The menu is based on a configuration file which you prepare beforehand (see Configuration). While in the menu, you can switch to the command-line mode, and vice-versa. You can even edit menu entries before using them.
In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive, a partition, and a file name (see Naming convention) to GRUB, how to install GRUB on your drive (see Installation), and how to boot your OSes (see Booting), step by step.
Next: Changes from GRUB Legacy, Previous: Overview, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
GRUB originated in 1995 when Erich Boleyn was trying to boot the GNU Hurd with the University of Utah’s Mach 4 microkernel (now known as GNU Mach). Erich and Brian Ford designed the Multiboot Specification (see Motivation in The Multiboot Specification), because they were determined not to add to the large number of mutually-incompatible PC boot methods.
Erich then began modifying the FreeBSD boot loader so that it would understand Multiboot. He soon realized that it would be a lot easier to write his own boot loader from scratch than to keep working on the FreeBSD boot loader, and so GRUB was born.
Erich added many features to GRUB, but other priorities prevented him from keeping up with the demands of its quickly-expanding user base. In 1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji adopted GRUB as an official GNU package, and opened its development by making the latest sources available via anonymous CVS. See Obtaining and Building GRUB, for more information.
Over the next few years, GRUB was extended to meet many needs, but it quickly became clear that its design was not keeping up with the extensions being made to it, and we reached the point where it was very difficult to make any further changes without breaking existing features. Around 2002, Yoshinori K. Okuji started work on PUPA (Preliminary Universal Programming Architecture for GNU GRUB), aiming to rewrite the core of GRUB to make it cleaner, safer, more robust, and more powerful. PUPA was eventually renamed to GRUB 2, and the original version of GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy. Small amounts of maintenance continued to be done on GRUB Legacy, but the last release (0.97) was made in 2005 and at the time of writing it seems unlikely that there will be another.
By around 2007, GNU/Linux distributions started to use GRUB 2 to limited extents, and by the end of 2009 multiple major distributions were installing it by default.
Next: Features, Previous: History, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
GRUB 2 is a rewrite of GRUB (see History), although it shares many characteristics with the previous version, now known as GRUB Legacy. Users of GRUB Legacy may need some guidance to find their way around this new version.
grub2-mkconfig
(see Simple configuration). This makes it
easier to handle versioned kernel upgrades.
save_env
and load_env
commands in GRUB and the
grub2-editenv
utility. This is not available in all configurations
(see Environment block).
Next: Role of a boot loader, Previous: Changes from GRUB Legacy, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
The primary requirement for GRUB is that it be compliant with the Multiboot Specification, which is described in Motivation in The Multiboot Specification.
The other goals, listed in approximate order of importance, are:
Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linux piggyback format), all kernels will be started in much the same state as in the Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyte or above are presently supported. Any attempt to load below that boundary will simply result in immediate failure and an error message reporting the problem.
In addition to the requirements above, GRUB has the following features (note that the Multiboot Specification doesn’t require all the features that GRUB supports):
Support many of the a.out variants plus ELF. Symbol tables are also loaded.
Support many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack Multiboot compliance (primarily FreeBSD, NetBSD2, OpenBSD, and Linux). Chain-loading of other boot loaders is also supported.
Fully support the Multiboot feature of loading multiple modules.
Support a human-readable text configuration file with preset boot commands. You can also load another configuration file dynamically and embed a preset configuration file in a GRUB image file. The list of commands (see Commands) are a superset of those supported on the command-line. An example configuration file is provided in Configuration.
A menu interface listing preset boot commands, with a programmable timeout, is available. There is no fixed limit on the number of boot entries, and the current implementation has space for several hundred.
A fairly flexible command-line interface, accessible from the menu, is available to edit any preset commands, or write a new boot command set from scratch. If no configuration file is present, GRUB drops to the command-line.
The list of commands (see Commands) are a subset of those supported for configuration files. Editing commands closely resembles the Bash command-line (see Command Line Editing in Bash Features), with TAB-completion of commands, devices, partitions, and files in a directory depending on context.
Support multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a useful explicit blocklist notation. The currently supported filesystem types are Amiga Fast FileSystem (AFFS), AtheOS fs, BeFS, BtrFS (including raid0, raid1, raid10, gzip and lzo), cpio (little- and big-endian bin, odc and newc variants), Linux ext2/ext3/ext4, DOS FAT12/FAT16/FAT32, exFAT, F2FS, HFS, HFS+, ISO9660 (including Joliet, Rock-ridge and multi-chunk files), JFS, Minix fs (versions 1, 2 and 3), nilfs2, NTFS (including compression), ReiserFS, ROMFS, Amiga Smart FileSystem (SFS), Squash4, tar, UDF, BSD UFS/UFS2, XFS, and ZFS (including lzjb, gzip, zle, mirror, stripe, raidz1/2/3 and encryption in AES-CCM and AES-GCM). See Filesystem, for more information.
Can decompress files which were compressed by gzip
or
xz
3. This function is both automatic and transparent to the user
(i.e. all functions operate upon the uncompressed contents of the specified
files). This greatly reduces a file size and loading time, a
particularly great benefit for floppies.4
It is conceivable that some kernel modules should be loaded in a compressed state, so a different module-loading command can be specified to avoid uncompressing the modules.
Support reading data from any or all floppies or hard disk(s) recognized by the BIOS, independent of the setting of the root device.
Unlike many other boot loaders, GRUB makes the particular drive translation irrelevant. A drive installed and running with one translation may be converted to another translation without any adverse effects or changes in GRUB’s configuration.
GRUB can generally find all the installed RAM on a PC-compatible machine. It uses an advanced BIOS query technique for finding all memory regions. As described on the Multiboot Specification (see Motivation in The Multiboot Specification), not all kernels make use of this information, but GRUB provides it for those who do.
In traditional disk calls (called CHS mode), there is a geometry translation problem, that is, the BIOS cannot access over 1024 cylinders, so the accessible space is limited to at least 508 MB and to at most 8GB. GRUB can’t universally solve this problem, as there is no standard interface used in all machines. However, several newer machines have the new interface, Logical Block Address (LBA) mode. GRUB automatically detects if LBA mode is available and uses it if available. In LBA mode, GRUB can access the entire disk.
GRUB is basically a disk-based boot loader but also has network support. You can load OS images from a network by using the TFTP protocol.
To support computers with no console, GRUB provides remote terminal support, so that you can control GRUB from a remote host. Only serial terminal support is implemented at the moment.
Previous: Features, Up: Introduction [Contents][Index]
The following is a quotation from Gordon Matzigkeit, a GRUB fanatic:
Some people like to acknowledge both the operating system and kernel when they talk about their computers, so they might say they use “GNU/Linux” or “GNU/Hurd”. Other people seem to think that the kernel is the most important part of the system, so they like to call their GNU operating systems “Linux systems.”
I, personally, believe that this is a grave injustice, because the boot loader is the most important software of all. I used to refer to the above systems as either “LILO”5 or “GRUB” systems.
Unfortunately, nobody ever understood what I was talking about; now I just use the word “GNU” as a pseudonym for GRUB.
So, if you ever hear people talking about their alleged “GNU” systems, remember that they are actually paying homage to the best boot loader around… GRUB!
We, the GRUB maintainers, do not (usually) encourage Gordon’s level of fanaticism, but it helps to remember that boot loaders deserve recognition. We hope that you enjoy using GNU GRUB as much as we did writing it.
Next: OS-specific notes about grub tools, Previous: Introduction, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The device syntax used in GRUB is a wee bit different from what you may have seen before in your operating system(s), and you need to know it so that you can specify a drive/partition.
Look at the following examples and explanations:
(fd0)
First of all, GRUB requires that the device name be enclosed with ‘(’ and ‘)’. The ‘fd’ part means that it is a floppy disk. The number ‘0’ is the drive number, which is counted from zero. This expression means that GRUB will use the whole floppy disk.
(hd0,msdos2)
Here, ‘hd’ means it is a hard disk drive. The first integer ‘0’ indicates the drive number, that is, the first hard disk, the string ‘msdos’ indicates the partition scheme, while the second integer, ‘2’, indicates the partition number (or the PC slice number in the BSD terminology). The partition numbers are counted from one, not from zero (as was the case in previous versions of GRUB). This expression means the second partition of the first hard disk drive. In this case, GRUB uses one partition of the disk, instead of the whole disk.
(hd0,msdos5)
This specifies the first extended partition of the first hard disk drive. Note that the partition numbers for extended partitions are counted from ‘5’, regardless of the actual number of primary partitions on your hard disk.
(hd1,msdos1,bsd1)
This means the BSD ‘a’ partition on first PC slice number of the second hard disk.
Of course, to actually access the disks or partitions with GRUB, you need to use the device specification in a command, like ‘set root=(fd0)’ or ‘parttool (hd0,msdos3) hidden-’. To help you find out which number specifies a partition you want, the GRUB command-line (see Command-line interface) options have argument completion. This means that, for example, you only need to type
set root=(
followed by a TAB, and GRUB will display the list of drives, partitions, or file names. So it should be quite easy to determine the name of your target partition, even with minimal knowledge of the syntax.
Note that GRUB does not distinguish IDE from SCSI - it simply counts the drive numbers from zero, regardless of their type. Normally, any IDE drive number is less than any SCSI drive number, although that is not true if you change the boot sequence by swapping IDE and SCSI drives in your BIOS.
Now the question is, how to specify a file? Again, consider an example:
(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz
This specifies the file named ‘vmlinuz’, found on the first partition of the first hard disk drive. Note that the argument completion works with file names, too.
That was easy, admit it. Now read the next chapter, to find out how to actually install GRUB on your drive.
Next: Installation, Previous: Naming convention, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
On OS which have device nodes similar to Unix-like OS GRUB tools use the OS name. E.g. for GNU/Linux:
# grub2-install /dev/sda
On AROS we use another syntax. For volumes:
//:<volume name>
E.g.
//:DH0
For disks we use syntax:
//:<driver name>/unit/flags
E.g.
# grub2-install //:ata.device/0/0
On Windows we use UNC path. For volumes it’s typically
\\?\Volume{<GUID>} \\?\<drive letter>:
E.g.
\\?\Volume{17f34d50-cf64-4b02-800e-51d79c3aa2ff} \\?\C:
For disks it’s
\\?\PhysicalDrive<number>
E.g.
# grub2-install \\?\PhysicalDrive0
Beware that you may need to further escape the backslashes depending on your shell.
When compiled with cygwin support then cygwin drive names are automatically when needed. E.g.
# grub2-install /dev/sda
Next: Booting, Previous: OS-specific notes about grub tools, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
In order to install GRUB as your boot loader, you need to first install the GRUB system and utilities under your UNIX-like operating system (see Obtaining and Building GRUB). You can do this either from the source tarball, or as a package for your OS.
After you have done that, you need to install the boot loader on a
drive (floppy or hard disk) by using the utility
grub2-install
(see Invoking grub2-install) on a UNIX-like OS.
GRUB comes with boot images, which are normally put in the directory /usr/lib/grub/<cpu>-<platform> (for BIOS-based machines /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc). Hereafter, the directory where GRUB images are initially placed (normally /usr/lib/grub/<cpu>-<platform>) will be called the image directory, and the directory where the boot loader needs to find them (usually /boot) will be called the boot directory.
• Installing GRUB using grub2-install: | ||
• Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM: | ||
• Device map: | ||
• BIOS installation: |
Next: Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
For information on where GRUB should be installed on PC BIOS platforms, see BIOS installation.
In order to install GRUB under a UNIX-like OS (such
as GNU), invoke the program grub2-install
(see Invoking grub2-install) as the superuser (root).
The usage is basically very simple. You only need to specify one argument to the program, namely, where to install the boot loader. The argument has to be either a device file (like ‘/dev/hda’). For example, under Linux the following will install GRUB into the MBR of the first IDE disk:
# grub2-install /dev/sda
Likewise, under GNU/Hurd, this has the same effect:
# grub2-install /dev/hd0
But all the above examples assume that GRUB should put images under the /boot directory. If you want GRUB to put images under a directory other than /boot, you need to specify the option --boot-directory. The typical usage is that you create a GRUB boot floppy with a filesystem. Here is an example:
# mke2fs /dev/fd0 # mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt # mkdir /mnt/boot # grub2-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/fd0 # umount /mnt
Some BIOSes have a bug of exposing the first partition of a USB drive as a floppy instead of exposing the USB drive as a hard disk (they call it “USB-FDD” boot). In such cases, you need to install like this:
# losetup /dev/loop0 /dev/sdb1 # mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/usb # grub2-install --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/bugbios --force --allow-floppy /dev/loop0
This install doesn’t conflict with standard install as long as they are in separate directories.
On EFI systems for fixed disk install you have to mount EFI System Partition. If you mount it at /boot/efi then you don’t need any special arguments:
# grub2-install
Otherwise you need to specify where your EFI System partition is mounted:
# grub2-install --efi-directory=/mnt/efi
For removable installs you have to use --removable and specify both --boot-directory and --efi-directory:
# grub2-install --efi-directory=/mnt/usb --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/boot --removable
Next: Device map, Previous: Installing GRUB using grub2-install, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
GRUB supports the no emulation mode in the El Torito specification6. This means that you can use the whole CD-ROM from GRUB and you don’t have to make a floppy or hard disk image file, which can cause compatibility problems.
For booting from a CD-ROM, GRUB uses a special image called cdboot.img, which is concatenated with core.img. The core.img used for this should be built with at least the ‘iso9660’ and ‘biosdisk’ modules. Your bootable CD-ROM will usually also need to include a configuration file grub.cfg and some other GRUB modules.
To make a simple generic GRUB rescue CD, you can use the
grub2-mkrescue
program (see Invoking grub2-mkrescue):
$ grub2-mkrescue -o grub.iso
You will often need to include other files in your image. To do this, first make a top directory for the bootable image, say, ‘iso’:
$ mkdir iso
Make a directory for GRUB:
$ mkdir -p iso/boot/grub
If desired, make the config file grub.cfg under iso/boot/grub (see Configuration), and copy any files and directories for the disc to the directory iso/.
Finally, make the image:
$ grub2-mkrescue -o grub.iso iso
This produces a file named grub.iso, which then can be burned into a CD (or a DVD), or written to a USB mass storage device.
The root device will be set up appropriately on entering your grub.cfg configuration file, so you can refer to file names on the CD without needing to use an explicit device name. This makes it easier to produce rescue images that will work on both optical drives and USB mass storage devices.
Next: BIOS installation, Previous: Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
If the device map file exists, the GRUB utilities (grub2-probe
,
etc.) read it to map BIOS drives to OS devices. This file consists of lines
like this:
(device) file
device is a drive specified in the GRUB syntax (see Device syntax), and file is an OS file, which is normally a device file.
Historically, the device map file was used because GRUB device names had to be used in the configuration file, and they were derived from BIOS drive numbers. The map between BIOS drives and OS devices cannot always be guessed correctly: for example, GRUB will get the order wrong if you exchange the boot sequence between IDE and SCSI in your BIOS.
Unfortunately, even OS device names are not always stable. Modern versions of the Linux kernel may probe drives in a different order from boot to boot, and the prefix (/dev/hd* versus /dev/sd*) may change depending on the driver subsystem in use. As a result, the device map file required frequent editing on some systems.
GRUB avoids this problem nowadays by using UUIDs or file system labels when generating grub.cfg, and we advise that you do the same for any custom menu entries you write. If the device map file does not exist, then the GRUB utilities will assume a temporary device map on the fly. This is often good enough, particularly in the common case of single-disk systems.
However, the device map file is not entirely obsolete yet, and it is used for overriding when current environment is different from the one on boot. Most common case is if you use a partition or logical volume as a disk for virtual machine. You can put any comments in the file if needed, as the GRUB utilities assume that a line is just a comment if the first character is ‘#’.
Previous: Device map, Up: Installation [Contents][Index]
The partition table format traditionally used on PC BIOS platforms is called the Master Boot Record (MBR) format; this is the format that allows up to four primary partitions and additional logical partitions. With this partition table format, there are two ways to install GRUB: it can be embedded in the area between the MBR and the first partition (called by various names, such as the "boot track", "MBR gap", or "embedding area", and which is usually at least 31 KiB), or the core image can be installed in a file system and a list of the blocks that make it up can be stored in the first sector of that partition.
Each of these has different problems. There is no way to reserve space in the embedding area with complete safety, and some proprietary software is known to use it to make it difficult for users to work around licensing restrictions; and systems are sometimes partitioned without leaving enough space before the first partition. On the other hand, installing to a filesystem means that GRUB is vulnerable to its blocks being moved around by filesystem features such as tail packing, or even by aggressive fsck implementations, so this approach is quite fragile; and this approach can only be used if the /boot filesystem is on the same disk that the BIOS boots from, so that GRUB does not have to rely on guessing BIOS drive numbers.
The GRUB development team generally recommends embedding GRUB before the first partition, unless you have special requirements. You must ensure that the first partition starts at least 31 KiB (63 sectors) from the start of the disk; on modern disks, it is often a performance advantage to align partitions on larger boundaries anyway, so the first partition might start 1 MiB from the start of the disk.
Some newer systems use the GUID Partition Table (GPT) format. This was specified as part of the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), but it can also be used on BIOS platforms if system software supports it; for example, GRUB and GNU/Linux can be used in this configuration. With this format, it is possible to reserve a whole partition for GRUB, called the BIOS Boot Partition. GRUB can then be embedded into that partition without the risk of being overwritten by other software and without being contained in a filesystem which might move its blocks around.
When creating a BIOS Boot Partition on a GPT system, you should make sure that it is at least 31 KiB in size. (GPT-formatted disks are not usually particularly small, so we recommend that you make it larger than the bare minimum, such as 1 MiB, to allow plenty of room for growth.) You must also make sure that it has the proper partition type. Using GNU Parted, you can set this using a command such as the following:
# parted /dev/disk set partition-number bios_grub on
If you are using gdisk, set the partition type to ‘0xEF02’. With partitioning programs that require setting the GUID directly, it should be ‘21686148-6449-6e6f-744e656564454649’.
Caution: Be very careful which partition you select! When GRUB finds a BIOS Boot Partition during installation, it will automatically overwrite part of it. Make sure that the partition does not contain any other data.
Next: Configuration, Previous: Installation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB can load Multiboot-compliant kernels in a consistent way, but for some free operating systems you need to use some OS-specific magic.
• General boot methods: | How to boot OSes with GRUB generally | |
• Loopback booting: | Notes on booting from loopbacks | |
• OS-specific notes: | Notes on some operating systems |
Next: Loopback booting, Up: Booting [Contents][Index]
GRUB has two distinct boot methods. One of the two is to load an operating system directly, and the other is to chain-load another boot loader which then will load an operating system actually. Generally speaking, the former is more desirable, because you don’t need to install or maintain other boot loaders and GRUB is flexible enough to load an operating system from an arbitrary disk/partition. However, the latter is sometimes required, since GRUB doesn’t support all the existing operating systems natively.
• Loading an operating system directly: | ||
• Chain-loading: |
Next: Chain-loading, Up: General boot methods [Contents][Index]
Multiboot (see Motivation in The Multiboot Specification) is the native format supported by GRUB. For the sake of convenience, there is also support for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD. If you want to boot other operating systems, you will have to chain-load them (see Chain-loading).
FIXME: this section is incomplete.
boot
(see boot).
However, DOS and Windows have some deficiencies, so you might have to use more complicated instructions. See DOS/Windows, for more information.
Previous: Loading an operating system directly, Up: General boot methods [Contents][Index]
Operating systems that do not support Multiboot and do not have specific support in GRUB (specific support is available for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD) must be chain-loaded, which involves loading another boot loader and jumping to it in real mode.
The chainloader
command (see chainloader) is used to set this
up. It is normally also necessary to load some GRUB modules and set the
appropriate root device. Putting this together, we get something like this,
for a Windows system on the first partition of the first hard disk:
menuentry "Windows" { insmod chain insmod ntfs set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 }
On systems with multiple hard disks, an additional workaround may be required. See DOS/Windows.
Chain-loading is only supported on PC BIOS and EFI platforms.
Next: OS-specific notes, Previous: General boot methods, Up: Booting [Contents][Index]
GRUB is able to read from an image (be it one of CD or HDD) stored on
any of its accessible storages (refer to see loopback command).
However the OS itself should be able to find its root. This usually
involves running a userspace program running before the real root
is discovered. This is achieved by GRUB loading a specially made
small image and passing it as ramdisk to the kernel. This is achieved
by commands kfreebsd_module
, knetbsd_module_elf
,
kopenbsd_ramdisk
, initrd
(see initrd),
initrd16
(see initrd), multiboot_module
,
multiboot2_module
or xnu_ramdisk
depending on the loader. Note that for knetbsd the image must be put
inside miniroot.kmod and the whole miniroot.kmod has to be loaded. In
kopenbsd payload this is disabled by default. Aditionally behaviour of
initial ramdisk depends on command line options. Several distributors provide
the image for this purpose or it’s integrated in their standard ramdisk and
activated by special option. Consult your kernel and distribution manual for
more details. Other loaders like appleloader, chainloader (BIOS, EFI, coreboot),
freedos, ntldr and plan9 provide no possibility of loading initial ramdisk and
as far as author is aware the payloads in question don’t support either initial
ramdisk or discovering loopback boot in other way and as such not bootable this
way. Please consider alternative boot methods like copying all files
from the image to actual partition. Consult your OS documentation for
more details
Previous: Loopback booting, Up: Booting [Contents][Index]
Here, we describe some caveats on several operating systems.
• GNU/Hurd: | ||
• GNU/Linux: | ||
• NetBSD: | ||
• DOS/Windows: |
Next: GNU/Linux, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
Since GNU/Hurd is Multiboot-compliant, it is easy to boot it; there is nothing special about it. But do not forget that you have to specify a root partition to the kernel.
search --set=root --file /boot/gnumach.gz
or similar may help you
(see search).
grub> multiboot /boot/gnumach.gz root=device:hd0s1 grub> module /hurd/ext2fs.static ext2fs --readonly \ --multiboot-command-line='${kernel-command-line}' \ --host-priv-port='${host-port}' \ --device-master-port='${device-port}' \ --exec-server-task='${exec-task}' -T typed '${root}' \ '$(task-create)' '$(task-resume)' grub> module /lib/ld.so.1 exec /hurd/exec '$(exec-task=task-create)'
boot
(see boot).
Next: NetBSD, Previous: GNU/Hurd, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
It is relatively easy to boot GNU/Linux from GRUB, because it somewhat resembles to boot a Multiboot-compliant OS.
search --set=root --file /vmlinuz
or similar may help you
(see search).
linux
(see linux):
grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1
If you need to specify some kernel parameters, just append them to the command. For example, to set acpi to ‘off’, do this:
grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off
See the documentation in the Linux source tree for complete information on the available options.
With linux
GRUB uses 32-bit protocol. Some BIOS services like APM
or EDD aren’t available with this protocol. In this case you need to use
linux16
grub> linux16 /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off
initrd
(see initrd)
after linux
:
grub> initrd /initrd
If you used linux16
you need to use initrd16
:
grub> initrd16 /initrd
boot
(see boot).
Caution: If you use an initrd and specify the ‘mem=’
option to the kernel to let it use less than actual memory size, you
will also have to specify the same memory size to GRUB. To let GRUB know
the size, run the command uppermem
before loading the
kernel. See uppermem, for more information.
Next: DOS/Windows, Previous: GNU/Linux, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
Booting a NetBSD kernel from GRUB is also relatively easy: first set
GRUB’s root device, then load the kernel and the modules, and finally
run boot
.
grub> insmod part_bsd grub> set root=(hd0,netbsd1)
For a disk with a GUID Partition Table (GPT), and assuming that the NetBSD root partition is the third GPT partition, do this:
grub> insmod part_gpt grub> set root=(hd0,gpt3)
knetbsd
:
grub> knetbsd /netbsd
Various options may be given to knetbsd
. These options are,
for the most part, the same as in the NetBSD boot loader. For instance,
to boot the system in single-user mode and with verbose messages, do
this:
grub> knetbsd /netbsd -s -v
knetbsd_module_elf
. A typical example is the module for the
root file system:
grub> knetbsd_module_elf /stand/amd64/6.0/modules/ffs/ffs.kmod
boot
(see boot).
Previous: NetBSD, Up: OS-specific notes [Contents][Index]
GRUB cannot boot DOS or Windows directly, so you must chain-load them (see Chain-loading). However, their boot loaders have some critical deficiencies, so it may not work to just chain-load them. To overcome the problems, GRUB provides you with two helper functions.
If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you
have to use the disk swapping technique, because that OS cannot boot
from any disks but the first one. The workaround used in GRUB is the
command drivemap
(see drivemap), like this:
drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1)
This performs a virtual swap between your first and second hard drive.
Caution: This is effective only if DOS (or Windows) uses BIOS to access the swapped disks. If that OS uses a special driver for the disks, this probably won’t work.
Another problem arises if you installed more than one set of DOS/Windows onto one disk, because they could be confused if there are more than one primary partitions for DOS/Windows. Certainly you should avoid doing this, but there is a solution if you do want to do so. Use the partition hiding/unhiding technique.
If GRUB hides a DOS (or Windows) partition (see parttool), DOS (or Windows) will ignore the partition. If GRUB unhides a DOS (or Windows) partition, DOS (or Windows) will detect the partition. Thus, if you have installed DOS (or Windows) on the first and the second partition of the first hard disk, and you want to boot the copy on the first partition, do the following:
parttool (hd0,1) hidden- parttool (hd0,2) hidden+ set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 parttool ${root} boot+ boot
Next: Theme file format, Previous: Booting, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB is configured using grub.cfg, usually located under /boot/grub. This file is quite flexible, but most users will not need to write the whole thing by hand.
• Simple configuration: | Recommended for most users | |
• Root Identifcation Heuristics: | Summary on how the root file system is identified. | |
• Shell-like scripting: | For power users and developers | |
• Multi-boot manual config: | For non-standard multi-OS scenarios | |
• Embedded configuration: | Embedding a configuration file into GRUB |
Next: Root Identifcation Heuristics, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mkconfig
(see Invoking grub2-mkconfig)
generates grub.cfg files suitable for most cases. It is suitable for
use when upgrading a distribution, and will discover available kernels and
attempt to generate menu entries for them.
grub2-mkconfig
does have some limitations. While adding extra
custom menu entries to the end of the list can be done by editing
/etc/grub.d/40_custom or creating /boot/grub2/custom.cfg,
changing the order of menu entries or changing their titles may require
making complex changes to shell scripts stored in /etc/grub.d/. This
may be improved in the future. In the meantime, those who feel that it
would be easier to write grub.cfg directly are encouraged to do so
(see Booting, and Shell-like scripting), and to disable any system
provided by their distribution to automatically run grub2-mkconfig
.
The file /etc/default/grub controls the operation of
grub2-mkconfig
. It is sourced by a shell script, and so must be
valid POSIX shell input; normally, it will just be a sequence of
‘KEY=value’ lines, but if the value contains spaces or other special
characters then it must be quoted. For example:
GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT="console serial"
Valid keys in /etc/default/grub are as follows:
The default menu entry. This may be a number, in which case it identifies the Nth entry in the generated menu counted from zero, or the title of a menu entry, or the special string ‘saved’. Using the id may be useful if you want to set a menu entry as the default even though there may be a variable number of entries before it.
For example, if you have:
menuentry 'Example GNU/Linux distribution' --class gnu-linux --id example-gnu-linux { ... }
then you can make this the default using:
GRUB_DEFAULT=example-gnu-linux
Previously it was documented the way to use entry title. While this still works it’s not recommended since titles often contain unstable device names and may be translated
If you set this to ‘saved’, then the default menu entry will be that
saved by ‘GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT’ or grub2-set-default
. This relies on
the environment block, which may not be available in all situations
(see Environment block).
The default is ‘0’.
If this option is set to ‘true’, then, when an entry is selected, save
it as a new default entry for use by future runs of GRUB. This is only
useful if ‘GRUB_DEFAULT=saved’; it is a separate option because
‘GRUB_DEFAULT=saved’ is useful without this option, in conjunction with
grub2-set-default
. Unset by default.
This option relies on the environment block, which may not be available in
all situations (see Environment block).
Boot the default entry this many seconds after the menu is displayed, unless a key is pressed. The default is ‘5’. Set to ‘0’ to boot immediately without displaying the menu, or to ‘-1’ to wait indefinitely.
If ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE’ is set to ‘countdown’ or ‘hidden’, the timeout is instead counted before the menu is displayed.
If this option is unset or set to ‘menu’, then GRUB will display the menu and then wait for the timeout set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ to expire before booting the default entry. Pressing a key interrupts the timeout.
If this option is set to ‘countdown’ or ‘hidden’, then, before displaying the menu, GRUB will wait for the timeout set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ to expire. If ESC is pressed during that time, it will display the menu and wait for input. If a hotkey associated with a menu entry is pressed, it will boot the associated menu entry immediately. If the timeout expires before either of these happens, it will boot the default entry. In the ‘countdown’ case, it will show a one-line indication of the remaining time.
Variants of the corresponding variables without the ‘_BUTTON’ suffix, used to support vendor-specific power buttons. See Vendor power-on keys.
Set by distributors of GRUB to their identifying name. This is used to generate more informative menu entry titles.
Select the terminal input device. You may select multiple devices here, separated by spaces.
Valid terminal input names depend on the platform, but may include ‘console’ (native platform console), ‘serial’ (serial terminal), ‘serial_<port>’ (serial terminal with explicit port selection), ‘at_keyboard’ (PC AT keyboard), or ‘usb_keyboard’ (USB keyboard using the HID Boot Protocol, for cases where the firmware does not handle this).
The default is to use the platform’s native terminal input.
Select the terminal output device. You may select multiple devices here, separated by spaces.
Valid terminal output names depend on the platform, but may include ‘console’ (native platform console), ‘serial’ (serial terminal), ‘serial_<port>’ (serial terminal with explicit port selection), ‘gfxterm’ (graphics-mode output), ‘vga_text’ (VGA text output), ‘mda_text’ (MDA text output), ‘morse’ (Morse-coding using system beeper) or ‘spkmodem’ (simple data protocol using system speaker).
‘spkmodem’ is useful when no serial port is available. Connect the output of sending system (where GRUB is running) to line-in of receiving system (usually developer machine). On receiving system compile ‘spkmodem-recv’ from ‘util/spkmodem-recv.c’ and run:
parecord --channels=1 --rate=48000 --format=s16le | ./spkmodem-recv
The default is to use the platform’s native terminal output.
If this option is set, it overrides both ‘GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT’ and ‘GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT’ to the same value.
A command to configure the serial port when using the serial console. See serial. Defaults to ‘serial’.
Command-line arguments to add to menu entries for the Linux kernel.
Unless ‘GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY’ is set to ‘true’, two menu entries will be generated for each Linux kernel: one default entry and one entry for recovery mode. This option lists command-line arguments to add only to the default menu entry, after those listed in ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX’.
As ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX’ and ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT’, but for NetBSD.
As ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX’, but for GNU Mach.
The values of these options are passed to Xen hypervisor Xen menu entries, for all respectively normal entries.
The values of these options replace the values of ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX’ and ‘GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT’ for Linux and Xen menu entries.
List of space-separated early initrd images to be loaded from ‘/boot’. This is for loading things like CPU microcode, firmware, ACPI tables, crypto keys, and so on. These early images will be loaded in the order declared, and all will be loaded before the actual functional initrd image.
‘GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK’ is for your distribution to declare images that are provided by the distribution. It should not be modified without understanding the consequences. They will be loaded first.
‘GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_CUSTOM’ is for your custom created images.
The default stock images are as follows, though they may be overridden by your distribution:
intel-uc.img intel-ucode.img amd-uc.img amd-ucode.img early_ucode.cpio microcode.cpio
Normally, grub2-mkconfig
will generate menu entries that use
universally-unique identifiers (UUIDs) to identify the root filesystem to
the Linux kernel, using a ‘root=UUID=...’ kernel parameter. This is
usually more reliable, but in some cases it may not be appropriate. To
disable the use of UUIDs, set this option to ‘true’.
If grub-mkconfig
cannot identify the root filesystem via its
universally-unique indentifier (UUID), grub-mkconfig
can use the UUID
of the partition containing the filesystem to identify the root filesystem to
the Linux kernel via a ‘root=PARTUUID=...’ kernel parameter. This is not
as reliable as using the filesystem UUID, but is more reliable than using the
Linux device names. When ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID’ is set to
‘false’, the Linux kernel version must be 2.6.37 (3.10 for systems using
the MSDOS partition scheme) or newer. This option defaults to ‘true’. To
enable the use of partition UUIDs, set this option to ‘false’.
If this option is set to ‘true’, disable the generation of recovery mode menu entries.
Normally, grub2-mkconfig
will generate menu entries that use
universally-unique identifiers (UUIDs) to identify various filesystems to
search for files. This is usually more reliable, but in some cases it may
not be appropriate. To disable this use of UUIDs, set this option to
‘true’.
If graphical video support is required, either because the ‘gfxterm’
graphical terminal is in use or because ‘GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX’ is set,
then grub2-mkconfig
will normally load all available GRUB video
drivers and use the one most appropriate for your hardware. If you need to
override this for some reason, then you can set this option.
After grub2-install
has been run, the available video drivers are
listed in /boot/grub2/video.lst.
Set the resolution used on the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal. Note that you can only use modes which your graphics card supports via VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE), so for example native LCD panel resolutions may not be available. The default is ‘auto’, which tries to select a preferred resolution. See gfxmode.
Set a background image for use with the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal. The value of this option must be a file readable by GRUB at boot time, and it must end with .png, .tga, .jpg, or .jpeg. The image will be scaled if necessary to fit the screen.
Set a theme for use with the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal.
Set to ‘text’ to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text mode, ‘keep’ to preserve the graphics mode set using ‘GRUB_GFXMODE’, ‘widthxheight’[‘xdepth’] to set a particular graphics mode, or a sequence of these separated by commas or semicolons to try several modes in sequence. See gfxpayload.
Depending on your kernel, your distribution, your graphics card, and the phase of the moon, note that using this option may cause GNU/Linux to suffer from various display problems, particularly during the early part of the boot sequence. If you have problems, set this option to ‘text’ and GRUB will tell Linux to boot in normal text mode.
Normally, grub2-mkconfig
will try to use the external
os-prober
program, if installed, to discover other operating
systems installed on the same system and generate appropriate menu entries
for them. Set this option to ‘true’ to disable this.
List of space-separated FS UUIDs of filesystems to be ignored from os-prober output. For efi chainloaders it’s <UUID>@<EFI FILE>
Normally, grub2-mkconfig
will generate top level menu entry for
the kernel with highest version number and put all other found kernels
or alternative menu entries for recovery mode in submenu. For entries returned
by os-prober
first entry will be put on top level and all others
in submenu. If this option is set to ‘y’, flat menu with all entries
on top level will be generated instead. Changing this option will require
changing existing values of ‘GRUB_DEFAULT’, ‘fallback’ (see fallback)
and ‘default’ (see default) environment variables as well as saved
default entry using grub2-set-default
and value used with
grub2-reboot
.
If set to ‘y’, grub2-mkconfig
and grub2-install
will
check for encrypted disks and generate additional commands needed to access
them during boot. Note that in this case unattended boot is not possible
because GRUB will wait for passphrase to unlock encrypted container.
Play a tune on the speaker when GRUB starts. This is particularly useful for users unable to see the screen. The value of this option is passed directly to play.
If this option is set, GRUB will issue a badram command to filter out specified regions of RAM.
This option may be set to a list of GRUB module names separated by spaces. Each module will be loaded as early as possible, at the start of grub.cfg.
The following options are still accepted for compatibility with existing configurations, but have better replacements:
Wait this many seconds before displaying the menu. If ESC is pressed during that time, display the menu and wait for input according to ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’. If a hotkey associated with a menu entry is pressed, boot the associated menu entry immediately. If the timeout expires before either of these happens, display the menu for the number of seconds specified in ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ before booting the default entry.
If you set ‘GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT’, you should also set ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT=0’ so that the menu is not displayed at all unless ESC is pressed.
This option is unset by default, and is deprecated in favour of the less confusing ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=countdown’ or ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden’.
In conjunction with ‘GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT’, set this to ‘true’ to suppress the verbose countdown while waiting for a key to be pressed before displaying the menu.
This option is unset by default, and is deprecated in favour of the less confusing ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=countdown’.
Variant of ‘GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT’, used to support vendor-specific power buttons. See Vendor power-on keys.
This option is unset by default, and is deprecated in favour of the less confusing ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=countdown’ or ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden’.
For more detailed customisation of grub2-mkconfig
’s output, you may
edit the scripts in /etc/grub.d directly.
/etc/grub.d/40_custom is particularly useful for adding entire custom
menu entries; simply type the menu entries you want to add at the end of
that file, making sure to leave at least the first two lines intact.
Next: Shell-like scripting, Previous: Simple configuration, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
If the target operating system uses the Linux kernel, grub-mkconfig
attempts to identify the root file system via a heuristic algoirthm. This
algorithm selects the identification method of the root file system by
considering three factors. The first is if an initrd for the target operating
system is also present. The second is ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID’ and if set
to ‘true’, prevents grub-mkconfig
from identifying the root file
system by its UUID. The third is ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID’ and if set
to ‘true’, prevents grub-mkconfig
from identifying the root file
system via the UUID of its enclosing partition. If the variables are assigned
any other value, that value is considered equivalent to ‘false’. The
variables are also considered to be set to ‘false’ if they are not set.
When booting, the Linux kernel will delegate the task of mounting the root
filesystem to the initrd. Most initrd images determine the root file system by
checking the Linux kernel’s command-line for the ‘root’ key and use its
value as the identification method of the root file system. To improve the
reliability of booting, most initrd images also allow the root file system to be
identified by its UUID. Because of this behavior, the grub-mkconfig
command will set ‘root’ to ‘root=UUID=...’ to provide the initrd with
the filesystem UUID of the root file system.
If no initrd is detected or ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID’ is set to ‘true’
then grub-command
will identify the root filesystem by setting the
kernel command-line variable ‘root’ to ‘root=PARTUUID=...’ unless
‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID’ is also set to ‘true’. If
‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID’ is also set to ‘true’,
grub-command
will identify by its Linux device name.
The following table summarizes the behavior of the grub-mkconfig
command.
Initrd detected | GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID Set To | GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID Set To | Linux Root ID Method |
---|---|---|---|
false | false | false | part UUID |
false | false | true | part UUID |
false | true | false | dev name |
false | true | true | dev name |
true | false | false | fs UUID |
true | false | true | part UUID |
true | true | false | fs UUID |
true | true | true | dev name |
Remember, ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID’ and ‘GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID’ are also considered to be set to ‘false’ when they are unset.
Next: Multi-boot manual config, Previous: Root Identifcation Heuristics, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
grub.cfg is written in GRUB’s built-in scripting language, which has a syntax quite similar to that of GNU Bash and other Bourne shell derivatives.
A word is a sequence of characters considered as a single unit by GRUB. Words are separated by metacharacters, which are the following plus space, tab, and newline:
{ } | & $ ; < >
Quoting may be used to include metacharacters in words; see below.
Reserved words have a special meaning to GRUB. The following words are
recognised as reserved when unquoted and either the first word of a simple
command or the third word of a for
command:
! [[ ]] { } case do done elif else esac fi for function if in menuentry select then time until while
Not all of these reserved words have a useful purpose yet; some are reserved for future expansion.
Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words. It can be used to treat metacharacters as part of a word, to prevent reserved words from being recognised as such, and to prevent variable expansion.
There are three quoting mechanisms: the escape character, single quotes, and double quotes.
A non-quoted backslash (\) is the escape character. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of newline.
Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of ‘$’ and ‘\’. The ‘$’ character retains its special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: ‘$’, ‘"’, ‘\’, or newline. A backslash-newline pair is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored7). A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.
The ‘$’ character introduces variable expansion. The variable name to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name.
Normal variable names begin with an alphabetic character, followed by zero or more alphanumeric characters. These names refer to entries in the GRUB environment (see Environment).
Positional variable names consist of one or more digits. They represent parameters passed to function calls, with ‘$1’ representing the first parameter, and so on.
The special variable name ‘?’ expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. When positional variable names are active, other special variable names ‘@’, ‘*’ and ‘#’ are defined and they expand to all positional parameters with necessary quoting, positional parameters without any quoting, and positional parameter count respectively.
A word beginning with ‘#’ causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.
A simple command is a sequence of words separated by spaces or tabs and terminated by a semicolon or a newline. The first word specifies the command to be executed. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command.
The return value of a simple command is its exit status. If the reserved
word !
precedes the command, then the return value is instead the
logical negation of the command’s exit status.
A compound command is one of the following:
The list of words following in
is expanded, generating a list of
items. The variable name is set to each element of this list in turn,
and list is executed each time. The return value is the exit status
of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following
in
results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return
status is 0.
The if
list is executed. If its exit status is zero, the
then
list is executed. Otherwise, each elif
list
is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
then
list is executed and the command completes. Otherwise,
the else
list is executed, if present. The exit status is the
exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
true.
The while
command continuously executes the do
list as
long as the last command in cond returns an exit status of zero. The
until
command is identical to the while
command, except that
the test is negated; the do
list is executed as long as the
last command in cond returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status
of the while
and until
commands is the exit status of the last
do
list command executed, or zero if none was executed.
This defines a function named name. The body of the function is
the list of commands within braces, each of which must be terminated with a
semicolon or a newline. This list of commands will be executed whenever
name is specified as the name of a simple command. Function
definitions do not affect the exit status in $?
. When executed, the
exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in
the body.
See menuentry.
Some built-in commands are also provided by GRUB script to help script writers perform actions that are otherwise not possible. For example, these include commands to jump out of a loop without fully completing it, etc.
n
]Exit from within a for
, while
, or until
loop. If
n
is specified, break n
levels. n
must be greater than
or equal to 1. If n
is greater than the number of enclosing loops,
all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless n
is
not greater than or equal to 1.
n
]Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for
, while
or
until
loop. If n
is specified, resume at the n
th
enclosing loop. n
must be greater than or equal to 1. If n
is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the
top-level loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless n
is
not greater than or equal to 1.
n
]Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n
. If
n
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed
in the function body. If used outside a function the return status is
false.
arg
] …Replace positional parameters starting with $1
with arguments to
setparams
.
n
]The positional parameters from n
+1 … are renamed to
$1
…. Parameters represented by the numbers $#
down to
$#
-n
+1 are unset. n
must be a non-negative number less
than or equal to $#
. If n
is 0, no parameters are changed.
If n
is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If n
is greater
than $#
, the positional parameters are not changed. The return
status is greater than zero if n
is greater than $#
or less
than zero; otherwise 0.
Next: Embedded configuration, Previous: Shell-like scripting, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
Currently autogenerating config files for multi-boot environments depends on os-prober and has several shortcomings. While fixing it is scheduled for the next release, meanwhile you can make use of the power of GRUB syntax and do it yourself. A possible configuration is detailed here, feel free to adjust to your needs.
First create a separate GRUB partition, big enough to hold GRUB. Some of the following entries show how to load OS installer images from this same partition, for that you obviously need to make the partition large enough to hold those images as well. Mount this partition on/mnt/boot and disable GRUB in all OSes and manually install self-compiled latest GRUB with:
grub2-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sda
In all the OSes install GRUB tools but disable installing GRUB in bootsector, so you’ll have menu.lst and grub.cfg available for use. Also disable os-prober use by setting:
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true
in /etc/default/grub
Then write a grub.cfg (/mnt/boot/grub2/grub.cfg):
menuentry "OS using grub2" { insmod xfs search --set=root --label OS1 --hint hd0,msdos8 configfile /boot/grub2/grub.cfg } menuentry "OS using grub2-legacy" { insmod ext2 search --set=root --label OS2 --hint hd0,msdos6 legacy_configfile /boot/grub2/menu.lst } menuentry "Windows XP" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_XP --hint hd0,msdos1 ntldr /ntldr } menuentry "Windows 7" { insmod ntfs search --set=root --label WINDOWS_7 --hint hd0,msdos2 ntldr /bootmgr } menuentry "FreeBSD" { insmod zfs search --set=root --label freepool --hint hd0,msdos7 kfreebsd /freebsd@/boot/kernel/kernel kfreebsd_module_elf /freebsd@/boot/kernel/opensolaris.ko kfreebsd_module_elf /freebsd@/boot/kernel/zfs.ko kfreebsd_module /freebsd@/boot/zfs/zpool.cache type=/boot/zfs/zpool.cache set kFreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom=zfs:freepool/freebsd set kFreeBSD.hw.psm.synaptics_support=1 } menuentry "experimental GRUB" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 multiboot /experimental/grub/i386-pc/core.img } menuentry "Fedora 16 installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /fedora/vmlinuz lang=en_US keymap=sg resolution=1280x800 initrd /fedora/initrd.img } menuentry "Fedora rawhide installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /fedora/vmlinuz repo=ftp://mirror.switch.ch/mirror/fedora/linux/development/rawhide/x86_64 lang=en_US keymap=sg resolution=1280x800 initrd /fedora/initrd.img } menuentry "Debian sid installer" { search --set=root --label GRUB --hint hd0,msdos5 linux /debian/dists/sid/main/installer-amd64/current/images/hd-media/vmlinuz initrd /debian/dists/sid/main/installer-amd64/current/images/hd-media/initrd.gz }
Notes:
root=hd0,msdosX
but this is not recommended due to device name instability.
Previous: Multi-boot manual config, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
GRUB supports embedding a configuration file directly into the core image,
so that it is loaded before entering normal mode. This is useful, for
example, when it is not straightforward to find the real configuration file,
or when you need to debug problems with loading that file.
grub2-install
uses this feature when it is not using BIOS disk
functions or when installing to a different disk from the one containing
/boot/grub, in which case it needs to use the search
command (see search) to find /boot/grub.
To embed a configuration file, use the -c option to
grub2-mkimage
. The file is copied into the core image, so it may
reside anywhere on the file system, and may be removed after running
grub2-mkimage
.
After the embedded configuration file (if any) is executed, GRUB will load
the ‘normal’ module (see normal), which will then read the real
configuration file from $prefix/grub.cfg. By this point, the
root
variable will also have been set to the root device name. For
example, prefix
might be set to ‘(hd0,1)/boot/grub’, and
root
might be set to ‘hd0,1’. Thus, in most cases, the embedded
configuration file only needs to set the prefix
and root
variables, and then drop through to GRUB’s normal processing. A typical
example of this might look like this:
search.fs_uuid 01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef root set prefix=($root)/boot/grub
(The ‘search_fs_uuid’ module must be included in the core image for this example to work.)
In more complex cases, it may be useful to read other configuration files
directly from the embedded configuration file. This allows such things as
reading files not called grub.cfg, or reading files from a directory
other than that where GRUB’s loadable modules are installed. To do this,
include the ‘configfile’ and ‘normal’ modules in the core image,
and embed a configuration file that uses the configfile
command to
load another file. The following example of this also requires the
echo
, search_label
, and test
modules to be
included in the core image:
search.fs_label grub root if [ -e /boot/grub2/example/test1.cfg ]; then set prefix=($root)/boot/grub configfile /boot/grub2/example/test1.cfg else if [ -e /boot/grub2/example/test2.cfg ]; then set prefix=($root)/boot/grub configfile /boot/grub2/example/test2.cfg else echo "Could not find an example configuration file!" fi fi
The embedded configuration file may not contain menu entries directly, but
may only read them from elsewhere using configfile
.
Next: Network, Previous: Configuration, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The GRUB graphical menu supports themes that can customize the layout and appearance of the GRUB boot menu. The theme is configured through a plain text file that specifies the layout of the various GUI components (including the boot menu, timeout progress bar, and text messages) as well as the appearance using colors, fonts, and images. Example is available in docs/example_theme.txt
Colors can be specified in several ways:
The fonts GRUB uses “PFF2 font format” bitmap fonts. Fonts are specified with full font names. Currently there is no provision for a preference list of fonts, or deriving one font from another. Fonts are loaded with the “loadfont” command in GRUB (loadfont). To see the list of loaded fonts, execute the “lsfonts” command (lsfonts). If there are too many fonts to fit on screen, do “set pager=1” before executing “lsfonts”.
Progress bars are used to display the remaining time before GRUB boots the default menu entry. To create a progress bar that will display the remaining time before automatic boot, simply create a “progress_bar” component with the id “__timeout__”. This indicates to GRUB that the progress bar should be updated as time passes, and it should be made invisible if the countdown to automatic boot is interrupted by the user.
Progress bars may optionally have text displayed on them. This text is controlled by variable “text” which contains a printf template with the only argument %d is the number of seconds remaining. Additionally special values “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_SHORT@”, “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_MIDDLE@”, “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_LONG@” are replaced with standard and translated templates.
The circular progress indicator functions similarly to the progress bar. When given an id of “__timeout__”, GRUB updates the circular progress indicator’s value to indicate the time remaining. For the circular progress indicator, there are two images used to render it: the *center* image, and the *tick* image. The center image is rendered in the center of the component, while the tick image is used to render each mark along the circumference of the indicator.
Text labels can be placed on the boot screen. The font, color, and horizontal alignment can be specified for labels. If a label is given the id “__timeout__”, then the “text” property for that label is also updated with a message informing the user of the number of seconds remaining until automatic boot. This is useful in case you want the text displayed somewhere else instead of directly on the progress bar.
The boot menu where GRUB displays the menu entries from the “grub.cfg” file. It is a list of items, where each item has a title and an optional icon. The icon is selected based on the *classes* specified for the menu entry. If there is a PNG file named “myclass.png” in the “grub/themes/icons” directory, it will be displayed for items which have the class *myclass*. The boot menu can be customized in several ways, such as the font and color used for the menu entry title, and by specifying styled boxes for the menu itself and for the selected item highlight.
One of the most important features for customizing the layout is the use of *styled boxes*. A styled box is composed of 9 rectangular (and potentially empty) regions, which are used to seamlessly draw the styled box on screen:
Northwest (nw) | North (n) | Northeast (ne) |
West (w) | Center (c) | East (e) |
Southwest (sw) | South (s) | Southeast (se) |
To support any size of box on screen, the center slice and the slices for the top, bottom, and sides are all scaled to the correct size for the component on screen, using the following rules:
As an example of how an image might be sliced up, consider the styled box used for a terminal view.
The Inkscape_ scalable vector graphics editor is a very useful tool for creating styled box images. One process that works well for slicing a drawing into the necessary image slices is:
The theme file is a plain text file. Lines that begin with “#“ are ignored and considered comments. (Note: This may not be the case if the previous line ended where a value was expected.)
The theme file contains two types of statements:
Global properties are specified with the simple format:
In this example, name3 is assigned a color value.
title-text | Specifies the text to display at the top center of the screen as a title. |
title-font | Defines the font used for the title message at the top of the screen. |
title-color | Defines the color of the title message. |
message-font | Currently unused. Left for backward compatibility. |
message-color | Currently unused. Left for backward compatibility. |
message-bg-color | Currently unused. Left for backward compatibility. |
desktop-image | Specifies the image to use as the background. It will be scaled to fit the screen size or proportionally scaled depending on the scale method. |
desktop-image-scale-method | Specifies the scaling method for the *desktop-image*. Options are “stretch“, “crop“, “padding“, “fitwidth“, “fitheight“. “stretch“ for fitting the screen size. Otherwise it is proportional scaling of a part of *desktop-image* to the part of the screen. “crop“ part of the *desktop-image* will be proportionally scaled to fit the screen sizes. “padding“ the entire *desktop-image* will be contained on the screen. “fitwidth“ for fitting the *desktop-image*’s width with screen width. “fitheight“ for fitting the *desktop-image*’s height with the screen height. Default is “stretch“. |
desktop-image-h-align | Specifies the horizontal alignment of the *desktop-image* if *desktop-image-scale-method* isn’t equeal to “stretch“. Options are “left“, “center“, “right“. Default is “center“. |
desktop-image-v-align | Specifies the vertical alignment of the *desktop-image* if *desktop-image-scale-method* isn’t equeal to “stretch“. Options are “top“, “center“, “bottom“. Default is “center“. |
desktop-color | Specifies the color for the background if *desktop-image* is not specified. |
terminal-box | Specifies the file name pattern for the styled box slices used for the command line terminal window. For example, “terminal-box: terminal_*.png“ will use the images “terminal_c.png“ as the center area, “terminal_n.png“ as the north (top) edge, “terminal_nw.png“ as the northwest (upper left) corner, and so on. If the image for any slice is not found, it will simply be left empty. |
terminal-border | Specifies the border width of the terminal window. |
terminal-left | Specifies the left coordinate of the terminal window. |
terminal-top | Specifies the top coordinate of the terminal window. |
terminal-width | Specifies the width of the terminal window. |
terminal-height | Specifies the height of the terminal window. |
Greater customizability comes is provided by components. A tree of components forms the user interface. *Containers* are components that can contain other components, and there is always a single root component which is an instance of a *canvas* container.
Components are created in the theme file by prefixing the type of component with a ’+’ sign:
+ label { text="GRUB" font="aqui 11" color="#8FF" }
properties of a component are specified as "name = value" (whitespace surrounding tokens is optional and is ignored) where *value* may be:
The following is a list of the components and the properties they support.
Properties:
id | Set to “__timeout__“ to display the time elapsed to an automatical boot of the default entry. |
text | The text to display. If “id“ is set to “__timeout__“ and no “text“ property is set then the amount of seconds will be shown. If set to “@KEYMAP_SHORT@“, “@KEYMAP_MIDDLE@“ or “@KEYMAP_LONG@“ then predefined hotkey information will be shown. |
font | The font to use for text display. |
color | The color of the text. |
align | The horizontal alignment of the text within the component. Options are “left“, “center“ and “right“. |
visible | Set to “false“ to hide the label. |
Properties:
file | The full path to the image file to load. |
Properties:
id | Set to “__timeout__“ to display the time elapsed to an automatical boot of the default entry. |
fg_color | The foreground color for plain solid color rendering. |
bg_color | The background color for plain solid color rendering. |
border_color | The border color for plain solid color rendering. |
text_color | The text color. |
bar_style | The styled box specification for the frame of the progress bar. Example: “progress_frame_*.png“ If the value is equal to “highlight_style“ then no styled boxes will be shown. |
highlight_style | The styled box specification for the highlighted region of the progress bar. This box will be used to paint just the highlighted region of the bar, and will be increased in size as the bar nears completion. Example: “progress_hl_*.png“. If the value is equal to “bar_style“ then no styled boxes will be shown. |
highlight_overlay | If this option is set to “true“ then the highlight box side slices (every slice except the center slice) will overlay the frame box side slices. And the center slice of the highlight box can move all the way (from top to bottom), being drawn on the center slice of the frame box. That way we can make a progress bar with round-shaped edges so there won’t be a free space from the highlight to the frame in top and bottom scrollbar positions. Default is “false“. |
font | The font to use for progress bar. |
text | The text to display on the progress bar. If the progress bar’s ID is set to “__timeout__“ and the value of this property is set to “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_SHORT@“, “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_MIDDLE@“ or “@TIMEOUT_NOTIFICATION_LONG@“, then GRUB will update this property with an informative message as the timeout approaches. |
Properties:
id | Set to “__timeout__“ to display the time elapsed to an automatical boot of the default entry. |
center_bitmap | The file name of the image to draw in the center of the component. |
tick_bitmap | The file name of the image to draw for the tick marks. |
num_ticks | The number of ticks that make up a full circle. |
ticks_disappear | Boolean value indicating whether tick marks should progressively appear, or progressively disappear as *value* approaches *end*. Specify “true“ or “false“. Default is “false“. |
start_angle | The position of the first tick mark to appear or disappear. Measured in "parrots", 1 "parrot" = 1 / 256 of the full circle. Use values “xxx deg“ or “xxx \xc2\xb0“ to set the angle in degrees. |
Properties:
item_font | The font to use for the menu item titles. |
selected_item_font | The font to use for the selected menu item, or “inherit“ (the default) to use “item_font“ for the selected menu item as well. |
item_color | The color to use for the menu item titles. |
selected_item_color | The color to use for the selected menu item, or “inherit“ (the default) to use “item_color“ for the selected menu item as well. |
icon_width | The width of menu item icons. Icons are scaled to the specified size. |
icon_height | The height of menu item icons. |
item_height | The height of each menu item in pixels. |
item_padding | The amount of space in pixels to leave on each side of the menu item contents. |
item_icon_space | The space between an item’s icon and the title text, in pixels. |
item_spacing | The amount of space to leave between menu items, in pixels. |
menu_pixmap_style | The image file pattern for the menu frame styled box. Example: “menu_*.png“ (this will use images such as “menu_c.png“, “menu_w.png“, ‘menu_nw.png“, etc.) |
item_pixmap_style | The image file pattern for the item styled box. |
selected_item_pixmap_style | The image file pattern for the selected item highlight styled box. |
scrollbar | Boolean value indicating whether the scroll bar should be drawn if the frame and thumb styled boxes are configured. |
scrollbar_frame | The image file pattern for the entire scroll bar. Example: “scrollbar_*.png“ |
scrollbar_thumb | The image file pattern for the scroll bar thumb (the part of the scroll bar that moves as scrolling occurs). Example: “scrollbar_thumb_*.png“ |
scrollbar_thumb_overlay | If this option is set to “true“ then the scrollbar thumb side slices (every slice except the center slice) will overlay the scrollbar frame side slices. And the center slice of the scrollbar_thumb can move all the way (from top to bottom), being drawn on the center slice of the scrollbar frame. That way we can make a scrollbar with round-shaped edges so there won’t be a free space from the thumb to the frame in top and bottom scrollbar positions. Default is “false“. |
scrollbar_slice | The menu frame styled box’s slice in which the scrollbar will be drawn. Possible values are “west“, “center“, “east“ (default). “west“ - the scrollbar will be drawn in the west slice (right-aligned). “east“ - the scrollbar will be drawn in the east slice (left-aligned). “center“ - the scrollbar will be drawn in the center slice. Note: in case of “center“ slice: a) If the scrollbar should be drawn then boot menu entry’s width is decreased by the scrollbar’s width and the scrollbar is drawn at the right side of the center slice. b) If the scrollbar won’t be drawn then the boot menu entry’s width is the width of the center slice. c) We don’t necessary need the menu pixmap box to display the scrollbar. |
scrollbar_left_pad | The left scrollbar padding in pixels. Unused if “scrollbar_slice“ is “west“. |
scrollbar_right_pad | The right scrollbar padding in pixels. Unused if “scrollbar_slice“ is “east“. |
scrollbar_top_pad | The top scrollbar padding in pixels. |
scrollbar_bottom_pad | The bottom scrollbar padding in pixels. |
visible | Set to “false“ to hide the boot menu. |
The following properties are supported by all components:
The distance from the left border of container to left border of the object in either of three formats:
x | Value in pixels |
p% | Percentage |
p%+x | mixture of both |
The distance from the left border of container to left border of the object in same format.
The width of object in same format.
The height of object in same format.
The identifier for the component. This can be any arbitrary string. The ID can be used by scripts to refer to various components in the GUI component tree. Currently, there is one special ID value that GRUB recognizes:
“__timeout__“ | Component with this ID will be updated by GRUB and will indicate time elapsed to an automatical boot of the default entry. Affected components: “label“, “circular_progress“, “progress_bar“. |
Next: Serial terminal, Previous: Theme file format, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The following instructions don’t work for *-emu, i386-qemu, i386-coreboot, i386-multiboot, mips_loongson, mips-arc and mips_qemu_mips
To generate a netbootable directory, run:
grub-mknetdir --net-directory=/srv/tftp --subdir=/boot/grub -d /usr/lib/grub/<platform>
E.g. for i386-pc:
grub-mknetdir --net-directory=/srv/tftp --subdir=/boot/grub -d /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc
Then follow instructions printed out by grub2-mknetdir on configuring your DHCP server.
The grub.cfg file is placed in the same directory as the path output by grub-mknetdir hereafter referred to as FWPATH. GRUB will search for its configuration files in order using the following rules where the appended value corresponds to a value on the client machine.
‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-‘(UUID OF NIC)’ ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-‘(MAC ADDRESS OF NIC)’ ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-‘(IPv4 OR IPv6 ADDRESS)’ ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg
The client will only attempt to look up an IPv6 address config once, however, it will try the IPv4 multiple times. The concrete example below shows what would happen under the IPv4 case.
UUID: 7726a678-7fc0-4853-a4f6-c85ac36a120a MAC: 52:54:00:ec:33:81 IPV4: 10.0.0.130 (0A000082)
‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-7726a678-7fc0-4853-a4f6-c85ac36a120a ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-52-54-00-ec-33-81 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A000082 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A00008 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A0000 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A000 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A00 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A0 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0A ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg-0 ‘(FWPATH)’/grub.cfg
After GRUB has started, files on the TFTP server will be accessible via the ‘(tftp)’ device.
The server IP address can be controlled by changing the ‘(tftp)’ device name to ‘(tftp,server-ip)’. Note that this should be changed both in the prefix and in any references to the device name in the configuration file.
GRUB provides several environment variables which may be used to inspect or change the behaviour of the PXE device. In the following description <interface> is placeholder for the name of network interface (platform dependent):
The network interface’s IP address. Read-only.
The network interface’s MAC address. Read-only.
The client host name provided by DHCP. Read-only.
The client domain name provided by DHCP. Read-only.
The path to the client’s root disk provided by DHCP. Read-only.
The path to additional DHCP vendor extensions provided by DHCP. Read-only.
The boot file name provided by DHCP. Read-only.
The name of the DHCP server responsible for these boot parameters. Read-only.
The IP address of the next (usually, TFTP) server provided by DHCP. Read-only.
Initially set to name of network interface that was used to load grub. Read-write, although setting it affects only interpretation of ‘net_default_ip’ and ‘net_default_mac’
The IP address of default interface. Read-only. This is alias for the ‘net_${net_default_interface}_ip’.
The default interface’s MAC address. Read-only. This is alias for the ‘net_${net_default_interface}_mac’.
The default server used by network drives (see Device syntax). Read-write, although setting this is only useful before opening a network device.
Next: Vendor power-on keys, Previous: Network, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
This chapter describes how to use the serial terminal support in GRUB.
If you have many computers or computers with no display/keyboard, it could be very useful to control the computers through serial communications. To connect one computer with another via a serial line, you need to prepare a null-modem (cross) serial cable, and you may need to have multiport serial boards, if your computer doesn’t have extra serial ports. In addition, a terminal emulator is also required, such as minicom. Refer to a manual of your operating system, for more information.
As for GRUB, the instruction to set up a serial terminal is quite simple. Here is an example:
grub> serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 grub> terminal_input serial; terminal_output serial
The command serial
initializes the serial unit 0 with the
speed 9600bps. The serial unit 0 is usually called ‘COM1’, so, if
you want to use COM2, you must specify ‘--unit=1’ instead. This
command accepts many other options, so please refer to serial,
for more details.
The commands terminal_input
(see terminal_input) and
terminal_output
(see terminal_output) choose which type of
terminal you want to use. In the case above, the terminal will be a
serial terminal, but you can also pass console
to the command,
as ‘terminal_input serial console’. In this case, a terminal in which
you press any key will be selected as a GRUB terminal. In the example above,
note that you need to put both commands on the same command line, as you
will lose the ability to type commands on the console after the first
command.
However, note that GRUB assumes that your terminal emulator is compatible with VT100 by default. This is true for most terminal emulators nowadays, but you should pass the option --dumb to the command if your terminal emulator is not VT100-compatible or implements few VT100 escape sequences. If you specify this option then GRUB provides you with an alternative menu interface, because the normal menu requires several fancy features of your terminal.
Next: Images, Previous: Serial terminal, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Some laptop vendors provide an additional power-on button which boots another OS. GRUB supports such buttons with the ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON’, and ‘GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS’ variables in default/grub (see Simple configuration). ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON’, ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON’, and ‘GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON’ are used instead of the corresponding variables without the ‘_BUTTON’ suffix when powered on using the special button. ‘GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS’ is vendor-specific and partially model-specific. Values known to the GRUB team are:
121:3
85:3
85:3
84:1 (unconfirmed)
101:3
To take full advantage of this function, install GRUB into the MBR (see Installing GRUB using grub2-install).
If you have a laptop which has a similar feature and not in the above list could you figure your address and contribute? To discover the address do the following:
sudo modprobe nvram sudo cat /dev/nvram | xxd > normal_button.txt
sudo modprobe nvram sudo cat /dev/nvram | xxd > normal_vendor.txt
Then compare these text files and find where a bit was toggled. E.g. in case of Dell XPS it was:
byte 0x47: 20 --> 28
It’s a bit number 3 as seen from following table:
0 | 01 |
1 | 02 |
2 | 04 |
3 | 08 |
4 | 10 |
5 | 20 |
6 | 40 |
7 | 80 |
0x47 is decimal 71. Linux nvram implementation cuts first 14 bytes of CMOS. So the real byte address in CMOS is 71+14=85 So complete address is 85:3
Next: Core image size limitation, Previous: Vendor power-on keys, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB consists of several images: a variety of bootstrap images for starting GRUB in various ways, a kernel image, and a set of modules which are combined with the kernel image to form a core image. Here is a short overview of them.
On PC BIOS systems, this image is the first part of GRUB to start. It is written to a master boot record (MBR) or to the boot sector of a partition. Because a PC boot sector is 512 bytes, the size of this image is exactly 512 bytes.
The sole function of boot.img is to read the first sector of the core
image from a local disk and jump to it. Because of the size restriction,
boot.img cannot understand any file system structure, so
grub2-install
hardcodes the location of the first sector of the
core image into boot.img when installing GRUB.
This image is used as the first sector of the core image when booting from a hard disk. It reads the rest of the core image into memory and starts the kernel. Since file system handling is not yet available, it encodes the location of the core image using a block list format.
This image is used as the first sector of the core image when booting from a CD-ROM drive. It performs a similar function to diskboot.img.
This image is used as the start of the core image when booting from the network using PXE. See Network.
This image may be placed at the start of the core image in order to make GRUB look enough like a Linux kernel that it can be booted by LILO using an ‘image=’ section.
This image contains GRUB’s basic run-time facilities: frameworks for device and file handling, environment variables, the rescue mode command-line parser, and so on. It is rarely used directly, but is built into all core images.
This is the core image of GRUB. It is built dynamically from the kernel
image and an arbitrary list of modules by the grub2-mkimage
program. Usually, it contains enough modules to access /boot/grub,
and loads everything else (including menu handling, the ability to load
target operating systems, and so on) from the file system at run-time. The
modular design allows the core image to be kept small, since the areas of
disk where it must be installed are often as small as 32KB.
See BIOS installation, for details on where the core image can be installed on PC systems.
Everything else in GRUB resides in dynamically loadable modules. These are
often loaded automatically, or built into the core image if they are
essential, but may also be loaded manually using the insmod
command (see insmod).
GRUB 2 has a different design from GRUB Legacy, and so correspondences with the images it used cannot be exact. Nevertheless, GRUB Legacy users often ask questions in the terms they are familiar with, and so here is a brief guide to how GRUB 2’s images relate to that.
Stage 1 from GRUB Legacy was very similar to boot.img in GRUB 2, and they serve the same function.
In GRUB Legacy, Stage 1.5’s function was to include enough filesystem code to allow the much larger Stage 2 to be read from an ordinary filesystem. In this respect, its function was similar to core.img in GRUB 2. However, core.img is much more capable than Stage 1.5 was; since it offers a rescue shell, it is sometimes possible to recover manually in the event that it is unable to load any other modules, for example if partition numbers have changed. core.img is built in a more flexible way, allowing GRUB 2 to support reading modules from advanced disk types such as LVM and RAID.
GRUB Legacy could run with only Stage 1 and Stage 2 in some limited configurations, while GRUB 2 requires core.img and cannot work without it.
GRUB 2 has no single Stage 2 image. Instead, it loads modules from /boot/grub at run-time.
In GRUB 2, images for booting from CD-ROM drives are now constructed using
cdboot.img and core.img, making sure that the core image
contains the ‘iso9660’ module. It is usually best to use the
grub2-mkrescue
program for this.
There is as yet no equivalent for nbgrub in GRUB 2; it was used by Etherboot and some other network boot loaders.
In GRUB 2, images for PXE network booting are now constructed using pxeboot.img and core.img, making sure that the core image contains the ‘pxe’ and ‘pxecmd’ modules. See Network.
Next: Filesystem, Previous: Images, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Heavily limited platforms:
Lightly limited platforms:
Next: Interface, Previous: Core image size limitation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB uses a special syntax for specifying disk drives which can be
accessed by BIOS. Because of BIOS limitations, GRUB cannot distinguish
between IDE, ESDI, SCSI, or others. You must know yourself which BIOS
device is equivalent to which OS device. Normally, that will be clear if
you see the files in a device or use the command search
(see search).
• Device syntax: | How to specify devices | |
• File name syntax: | How to specify files | |
• Block list syntax: | How to specify block lists |
Next: File name syntax, Up: Filesystem [Contents][Index]
The device syntax is like this:
(device[,partmap-name1part-num1[,partmap-name2part-num2[,...]]])
‘[]’ means the parameter is optional. device depends on the disk
driver in use. BIOS and EFI disks use either ‘fd’ or ‘hd’ followed
by a digit, like ‘fd0’, or ‘cd’.
AHCI, PATA (ata), crypto, USB use the name of driver followed by a number.
Memdisk and host are limited to one disk and so it’s refered just by driver
name.
RAID (md), ofdisk (ieee1275 and nand), LVM (lvm), LDM, virtio (vdsk)
and arcdisk (arc) use intrinsic name of disk prefixed by driver name.
Additionally just “nand” refers to the disk aliased as “nand”.
Conflicts are solved by suffixing a number if necessarry.
Commas need to be escaped.
Loopback uses whatever name specified to loopback
command.
Hostdisk uses names specified in device.map as long as it’s of the form
[fhc]d[0-9]* or hostdisk/<OS DEVICE>.
For crypto and RAID (md) additionally you can use the syntax
<driver name>uuid/<uuid>. For LVM additionally you can use the syntax
lvmid/<volume-group-uuid>/<volume-uuid>.
(fd0) (hd0) (cd) (ahci0) (ata0) (crypto0) (usb0) (cryptouuid/123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0) (mduuid/123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0) (lvm/system-root) (lvmid/F1ikgD-2RES-306G-il9M-7iwa-4NKW-EbV1NV/eLGuCQ-L4Ka-XUgR-sjtJ-ffch-bajr-fCNfz5) (md/myraid) (md/0) (ieee1275/disk2) (ieee1275//pci@1f\,0/ide@d/disk@2) (nand) (memdisk) (host) (myloop) (hostdisk//dev/sda)
part-num represents the partition number of device, starting from one. partname is optional but is recommended since disk may have several top-level partmaps. Specifying third and later component you can access to subpartitions.
The syntax ‘(hd0)’ represents using the entire disk (or the MBR when installing GRUB), while the syntax ‘(hd0,1)’ represents using the first partition of the disk (or the boot sector of the partition when installing GRUB).
(hd0,msdos1) (hd0,msdos1,msdos5) (hd0,msdos1,bsd3) (hd0,netbsd1) (hd0,gpt1) (hd0,1,3)
If you enabled the network support, the special drives
(protocol[,server])
are also available. Supported protocols
are ‘http’ and ‘tftp’. If server is omitted, value of
environment variable ‘net_default_server’ is used.
Before using the network drive, you must initialize the network.
See Network, for more information.
If you boot GRUB from a CD-ROM, ‘(cd)’ is available. See Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM, for details.
Next: Block list syntax, Previous: Device syntax, Up: Filesystem [Contents][Index]
There are two ways to specify files, by absolute file name and by block list.
An absolute file name resembles a Unix absolute file name, using
‘/’ for the directory separator (not ‘\’ as in DOS). One
example is ‘(hd0,1)/boot/grub2/grub.cfg’. This means the file
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg in the first partition of the first hard
disk. If you omit the device name in an absolute file name, GRUB uses
GRUB’s root device implicitly. So if you set the root device to,
say, ‘(hd1,1)’ by the command ‘set root=(hd1,1)’ (see set),
then /boot/kernel
is the same as (hd1,1)/boot/kernel
.
On ZFS filesystem the first path component must be volume‘@’[snapshot]. So ‘/rootvol@snap-129/boot/grub2/grub.cfg’ refers to file ‘/boot/grub2/grub.cfg’ in snapshot of volume ‘rootvol’ with name ‘snap-129’. Trailing ‘@’ after volume name is mandatory even if snapshot name is omitted.
Previous: File name syntax, Up: Filesystem [Contents][Index]
A block list is used for specifying a file that doesn’t appear in the
filesystem, like a chainloader. The syntax is
[offset]+length[,[offset]+length]…
.
Here is an example:
0+100,200+1,300+300
This represents that GRUB should read blocks 0 through 99, block 200, and blocks 300 through 599. If you omit an offset, then GRUB assumes the offset is zero.
Like the file name syntax (see File name syntax), if a blocklist
does not contain a device name, then GRUB uses GRUB’s root
device. So (hd0,2)+1
is the same as +1
when the root
device is ‘(hd0,2)’.
Next: Environment, Previous: Filesystem, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB has both a simple menu interface for choosing preset entries from a configuration file, and a highly flexible command-line for performing any desired combination of boot commands.
GRUB looks for its configuration file as soon as it is loaded. If one is found, then the full menu interface is activated using whatever entries were found in the file. If you choose the command-line menu option, or if the configuration file was not found, then GRUB drops to the command-line interface.
• Command-line interface: | The flexible command-line interface | |
• Menu interface: | The simple menu interface | |
• Menu entry editor: | Editing a menu entry |
Next: Menu interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index]
The command-line interface provides a prompt and after it an editable text area much like a command-line in Unix or DOS. Each command is immediately executed after it is entered8. The commands (see Command-line and menu entry commands) are a subset of those available in the configuration file, used with exactly the same syntax.
Cursor movement and editing of the text on the line can be done via a subset of the functions available in the Bash shell:
Move forward one character.
Move back one character.
Move to the start of the line.
Move the the end of the line.
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
Yank the killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
Move up through the history list.
Move down through the history list.
When typing commands interactively, if the cursor is within or before
the first word in the command-line, pressing the TAB key (or
C-i) will display a listing of the available commands, and if the
cursor is after the first word, the TAB will provide a
completion listing of disks, partitions, and file names depending on the
context. Note that to obtain a list of drives, one must open a
parenthesis, as root (
.
Note that you cannot use the completion functionality in the TFTP filesystem. This is because TFTP doesn’t support file name listing for the security.
Next: Menu entry editor, Previous: Command-line interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index]
The menu interface is quite easy to use. Its commands are both reasonably intuitive and described on screen.
Basically, the menu interface provides a list of boot entries to the user to choose from. Use the arrow keys to select the entry of choice, then press RET to run it. An optional timeout is available to boot the default entry (the first one if not set), which is aborted by pressing any key.
Commands are available to enter a bare command-line by pressing c (which operates exactly like the non-config-file version of GRUB, but allows one to return to the menu if desired by pressing ESC) or to edit any of the boot entries by pressing e.
If you protect the menu interface with a password (see Security), all you can do is choose an entry by pressing RET, or press p to enter the password.
Previous: Menu interface, Up: Interface [Contents][Index]
The menu entry editor looks much like the main menu interface, but the lines in the menu are individual commands in the selected entry instead of entry names.
If an ESC is pressed in the editor, it aborts all the changes made to the configuration entry and returns to the main menu interface.
Each line in the menu entry can be edited freely, and you can add new lines by pressing RET at the end of a line. To boot the edited entry, press Ctrl-x.
Although GRUB unfortunately does not support undo, you can do almost the same thing by just returning to the main menu using ESC.
GRUB supports environment variables which are rather like those offered by all Unix-like systems. Environment variables have a name, which is unique and is usually a short identifier, and a value, which is an arbitrary string of characters. They may be set (see set), unset (see unset), or looked up (see Shell-like scripting) by name.
A number of environment variables have special meanings to various parts of GRUB. Others may be used freely in GRUB configuration files.
• Special environment variables: | ||
• Environment block: |
Next: Environment block, Up: Environment [Contents][Index]
These variables have special meaning to GRUB.
• biosnum: | ||
• check_appended_signatures: | ||
• check_signatures: | ||
• chosen: | ||
• cmdpath: | ||
• color_highlight: | ||
• color_normal: | ||
• config_directory: | ||
• config_file: | ||
• debug: | ||
• default: | ||
• fallback: | ||
• gfxmode: | ||
• gfxpayload: | ||
• gfxterm_font: | ||
• grub_cpu: | ||
• grub_platform: | ||
• icondir: | ||
• lang: | ||
• locale_dir: | ||
• menu_color_highlight: | ||
• menu_color_normal: | ||
• net_<interface>_boot_file: | ||
• net_<interface>_dhcp_server_name: | ||
• net_<interface>_domain: | ||
• net_<interface>_extensionspath: | ||
• net_<interface>_hostname: | ||
• net_<interface>_ip: | ||
• net_<interface>_mac: | ||
• net_<interface>_next_server: | ||
• net_<interface>_rootpath: | ||
• net_default_interface: | ||
• net_default_ip: | ||
• net_default_mac: | ||
• net_default_server: | ||
• pager: | ||
• prefix: | ||
• pxe_blksize: | ||
• pxe_default_gateway: | ||
• pxe_default_server: | ||
• root: | ||
• superusers: | ||
• theme: | ||
• timeout: | ||
• timeout_style: |
Next: check_appended_signatures, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
When chain-loading another boot loader (see Chain-loading), GRUB may need to know what BIOS drive number corresponds to the root device (see root) so that it can set up registers properly. If the biosnum variable is set, it overrides GRUB’s own means of guessing this.
For an alternative approach which also changes BIOS drive mappings for the chain-loaded system, see drivemap.
Next: check_signatures, Previous: biosnum, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable controls whether GRUB enforces appended signature validation on certain loaded files. See Using appended signatures.
Next: chosen, Previous: check_appended_signatures, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable controls whether GRUB enforces GPG-style digital signature validation on loaded files. See Using GPG-style digital signatures.
Next: cmdpath, Previous: check_signatures, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
When executing a menu entry, GRUB sets the chosen variable to the title of the entry being executed.
If the menu entry is in one or more submenus, then chosen is set to the titles of each of the submenus starting from the top level followed by the title of the menu entry itself, separated by ‘>’.
Next: color_highlight, Previous: chosen, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
The location from which core.img was loaded as an absolute directory name (see File name syntax). This is set by GRUB at startup based on information returned by platform firmware. Not every platform provides this information and some may return only device without path name.
Next: color_normal, Previous: cmdpath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the “highlight” foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is ‘black/light-gray’.
Next: config_directory, Previous: color_highlight, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the “normal” foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. Each color must be a name from the following list:
The default is ‘light-gray/black’.
The color support support varies from terminal to terminal.
‘morse’ has no color support at all.
‘mda_text’ color support is limited to highlighting by black/white reversal.
‘console’ on ARC, EMU and IEEE1275, ‘serial_*’ and ‘spkmodem’ are governed by terminfo and support only 8 colors if in modes ‘vt100-color’ (default for console on emu), ‘arc’ (default for console on ARC), ‘ieee1275’ (default for console on IEEE1275). When in mode ‘vt100’ then the color support is limited to highlighting by black/white reversal. When in mode ‘dumb’ there is no color support.
When console supports no colors this setting is ignored. When console supports 8 colors, then the colors from the second half of the previous list are mapped to the matching colors of first half.
‘console’ on EFI and BIOS and ‘vga_text’ support all 16 colors.
‘gfxterm’ supports all 16 colors and would be theoretically extendable to support whole rgb24 palette but currently there is no compelling reason to go beyond the current 16 colors.
Next: config_file, Previous: color_normal, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable is automatically set by GRUB to the directory part of current configuration file name (see config_file).
Next: debug, Previous: config_directory, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable is automatically set by GRUB to the name of configuration file that is being
processed by commands configfile
(see configfile) or normal
(see normal). It is restored to the previous value when command completes.
Next: default, Previous: config_file, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to enable debugging output from various components of GRUB. The value is a list of debug facility names separated by whitespace or ‘,’, or ‘all’ to enable all available debugging output. The facility names are the first argument to grub_dprintf. Consult source for more details.
Next: fallback, Previous: debug, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected by default, possibly after a timeout (see timeout). The entry may be identified by number (starting from 0 at each level of the hierarchy), by title, or by id.
For example, if you have:
menuentry 'Example GNU/Linux distribution' --class gnu-linux --id example-gnu-linux { ... }
then you can make this the default using:
default=example-gnu-linux
If the entry is in a submenu, then it must be identified using the number, title, or id of each of the submenus starting from the top level, followed by the number, title, or id of the menu entry itself, with each element separated by ‘>’. For example, take the following menu structure:
GNU/Hurd --id gnu-hurd Standard Boot --id=gnu-hurd-std Rescue shell --id=gnu-hurd-rescue Other platforms --id=other Minix --id=minix Version 3.4.0 --id=minix-3.4.0 Version 3.3.0 --id=minix-3.3.0 GRUB Invaders --id=grub-invaders
The more recent release of Minix would then be identified as ‘Other platforms>Minix>Version 3.4.0’, or as ‘1>0>0’, or as ‘other>minix>minix-3.4.0’.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_DEFAULT’ (see Simple configuration), grub2-set-default
, or grub2-reboot
.
Next: gfxmode, Previous: default, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected if the default menu entry fails to boot. Entries are identified in the same way as for ‘default’ (see default).
Next: gfxpayload, Previous: fallback, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it sets the resolution used on the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal. Note that you can only use modes which your graphics card supports via VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE), so for example native LCD panel resolutions may not be available. The default is ‘auto’, which selects a platform-specific default that should look reasonable. Supported modes can be listed by ‘videoinfo’ command in GRUB.
The resolution may be specified as a sequence of one or more modes, separated by commas (‘,’) or semicolons (‘;’); each will be tried in turn until one is found. Each mode should be either ‘auto’, ‘widthxheight’, or ‘widthxheightxdepth’.
Next: gfxterm_font, Previous: gfxmode, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it controls the video mode in which the Linux kernel starts up, replacing the ‘vga=’ boot option (see linux). It may be set to ‘text’ to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text mode, ‘keep’ to preserve the graphics mode set using ‘gfxmode’, or any of the permitted values for ‘gfxmode’ to set a particular graphics mode (see gfxmode).
Depending on your kernel, your distribution, your graphics card, and the phase of the moon, note that using this option may cause GNU/Linux to suffer from various display problems, particularly during the early part of the boot sequence. If you have problems, set this variable to ‘text’ and GRUB will tell Linux to boot in normal text mode.
The default is platform-specific. On platforms with a native text mode (such as PC BIOS platforms), the default is ‘text’. Otherwise the default may be ‘auto’ or a specific video mode.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX’ (see Simple configuration).
Next: grub_cpu, Previous: gfxpayload, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names a font to use for text on the ‘gfxterm’ graphical terminal. Otherwise, ‘gfxterm’ may use any available font.
Next: grub_platform, Previous: gfxterm_font, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
In normal mode (see normal), GRUB sets the ‘grub_cpu’ variable to the CPU type for which GRUB was built (e.g. ‘i386’ or ‘powerpc’).
Next: icondir, Previous: grub_cpu, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
In normal mode (see normal), GRUB sets the ‘grub_platform’ variable to the platform for which GRUB was built (e.g. ‘pc’ or ‘efi’).
Next: lang, Previous: grub_platform, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names a directory in which the GRUB graphical menu should look for icons after looking in the theme’s ‘icons’ directory. See Theme file format.
Next: locale_dir, Previous: icondir, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names the language code that the
gettext
command (see gettext) uses to translate strings. For
example, French would be named as ‘fr’, and Simplified Chinese as
‘zh_CN’.
grub2-mkconfig
(see Simple configuration) will try to set a
reasonable default for this variable based on the system locale.
Next: menu_color_highlight, Previous: lang, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it names the directory where translation files may be found (see gettext), usually /boot/grub2/locale. Otherwise, internationalization is disabled.
grub2-mkconfig
(see Simple configuration) will set a reasonable
default for this variable if internationalization is needed and any
translation files are available.
Next: menu_color_normal, Previous: locale_dir, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for the highlighted menu entry, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is the value of ‘color_highlight’ (see color_highlight).
Next: net_<interface>_boot_file, Previous: menu_color_highlight, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for non-highlighted menu entries, separated by a slash (‘/’). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, see color_normal.
The default is the value of ‘color_normal’ (see color_normal).
Next: net_<interface>_dhcp_server_name, Previous: menu_color_normal, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_domain, Previous: net_<interface>_boot_file, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_extensionspath, Previous: net_<interface>_dhcp_server_name, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_hostname, Previous: net_<interface>_domain, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_ip, Previous: net_<interface>_extensionspath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_mac, Previous: net_<interface>_hostname, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_next_server, Previous: net_<interface>_ip, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_<interface>_rootpath, Previous: net_<interface>_mac, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_interface, Previous: net_<interface>_next_server, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_ip, Previous: net_<interface>_rootpath, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_mac, Previous: net_default_interface, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: net_default_server, Previous: net_default_ip, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: pager, Previous: net_default_mac, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: prefix, Previous: net_default_server, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If set to ‘1’, pause output after each screenful and wait for keyboard input. The default is not to pause output.
Next: pxe_blksize, Previous: pager, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
The location of the ‘/boot/grub’ directory as an absolute file name
(see File name syntax). This is normally set by GRUB at startup based
on information provided by grub2-install
. GRUB modules are
dynamically loaded from this directory, so it must be set correctly in order
for many parts of GRUB to work.
Next: pxe_default_gateway, Previous: prefix, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: pxe_default_server, Previous: pxe_blksize, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: root, Previous: pxe_default_gateway, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
See Network.
Next: superusers, Previous: pxe_default_server, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
The root device name (see Device syntax). Any file names that do not specify an explicit device name are read from this device. The default is normally set by GRUB at startup based on the value of ‘prefix’ (see prefix).
For example, if GRUB was installed to the first partition of the first hard disk, then ‘prefix’ might be set to ‘(hd0,msdos1)/boot/grub’ and ‘root’ to ‘hd0,msdos1’.
Next: theme, Previous: root, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to a list of superuser names to enable authentication support. See Security.
Next: timeout, Previous: superusers, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to a directory containing a GRUB graphical menu theme. See Theme file format.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_THEME’ (see Simple configuration).
Next: timeout_style, Previous: theme, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
If this variable is set, it specifies the time in seconds to wait for keyboard input before booting the default menu entry. A timeout of ‘0’ means to boot the default entry immediately without displaying the menu; a timeout of ‘-1’ (or unset) means to wait indefinitely.
If ‘timeout_style’ (see timeout_style) is set to ‘countdown’ or ‘hidden’, the timeout is instead counted before the menu is displayed.
This variable is often set by ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT’ (see Simple configuration).
Previous: timeout, Up: Special environment variables [Contents][Index]
This variable may be set to ‘menu’, ‘countdown’, or ‘hidden’ to control the way in which the timeout (see timeout) interacts with displaying the menu. See the documentation of ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE’ (see Simple configuration) for details.
Previous: Special environment variables, Up: Environment [Contents][Index]
It is often useful to be able to remember a small amount of information from one boot to the next. For example, you might want to set the default menu entry based on what was selected the last time. GRUB deliberately does not implement support for writing files in order to minimise the possibility of the boot loader being responsible for file system corruption, so a GRUB configuration file cannot just create a file in the ordinary way. However, GRUB provides an “environment block” which can be used to save a small amount of state.
The environment block is a preallocated 1024-byte file, which normally lives
in /boot/grub2/grubenv (although you should not assume this). At boot
time, the load_env
command (see load_env) loads environment
variables from it, and the save_env
(see save_env) command
saves environment variables to it. From a running system, the
grub2-editenv
utility can be used to edit the environment block.
For safety reasons, this storage is only available when installed on a plain disk (no LVM or RAID), using a non-checksumming filesystem (no ZFS), and using BIOS or EFI functions (no ATA, USB or IEEE1275).
grub2-mkconfig
uses this facility to implement
‘GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT’ (see Simple configuration).
Next: Internationalisation, Previous: Environment, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
In this chapter, we list all commands that are available in GRUB.
Commands belong to different groups. A few can only be used in the global section of the configuration file (or “menu”); most of them can be entered on the command-line and can be used either anywhere in the menu or specifically in the menu entries.
In rescue mode, only the insmod
(see insmod), ls
(see ls), set
(see set), and unset
(see unset) commands are normally available. If you end up in rescue
mode and do not know what to do, then see GRUB only offers a rescue shell.
• Menu-specific commands: | ||
• General commands: | ||
• Command-line and menu entry commands: | ||
• Networking commands: |
Next: General commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
The semantics used in parsing the configuration file are the following:
These commands can only be used in the menu:
• menuentry: | Start a menu entry | |
• submenu: | Group menu entries |
Next: submenu, Up: Menu-specific commands [Contents][Index]
This defines a GRUB menu entry named title. When this entry is
selected from the menu, GRUB will set the chosen environment variable
to value of --id if --id is given, execute the list of
commands given within braces, and if the last command in the list returned
successfully and a kernel was loaded it will execute the boot
command.
The --class option may be used any number of times to group menu entries into classes. Menu themes may display different classes using different styles.
The --users option grants specific users access to specific menu entries. See Security.
The --unrestricted option grants all users access to specific menu entries. See Security.
The --hotkey option associates a hotkey with a menu entry. key may be a single letter, or one of the aliases ‘backspace’, ‘tab’, or ‘delete’.
The --id may be used to associate unique identifier with a menu entry. id is string of ASCII aphanumeric characters, underscore and hyphen and should not start with a digit.
All other arguments including title are passed as positional parameters
when list of commands is executed with title always assigned to $1
.
Previous: menuentry, Up: Menu-specific commands [Contents][Index]
This defines a submenu. An entry called title will be added to the menu; when that entry is selected, a new menu will be displayed showing all the entries within this submenu.
All options are the same as in the menuentry
command
(see menuentry).
Next: Command-line and menu entry commands, Previous: Menu-specific commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
Commands usable anywhere in the menu and in the command-line.
• serial: | Set up a serial device | |
• terminal_input: | Manage input terminals | |
• terminal_output: | Manage output terminals | |
• terminfo: | Define terminal type |
Next: terminal_input, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
Initialize a serial device. unit is a number in the range 0-3 specifying which serial port to use; default is 0, which corresponds to the port often called COM1. port is the I/O port where the UART is to be found; if specified it takes precedence over unit. speed is the transmission speed; default is 9600. word and stop are the number of data bits and stop bits. Data bits must be in the range 5-8 and stop bits must be 1 or 2. Default is 8 data bits and one stop bit. parity is one of ‘no’, ‘odd’, ‘even’ and defaults to ‘no’.
The serial port is not used as a communication channel unless the
terminal_input
or terminal_output
command is used
(see terminal_input, see terminal_output).
See also Serial terminal.
Next: terminal_output, Previous: serial, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
List or select an input terminal.
With no arguments, list the active and available input terminals.
With --append, add the named terminals to the list of active input terminals; any of these may be used to provide input to GRUB.
With --remove, remove the named terminals from the active list.
With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active.
Next: terminfo, Previous: terminal_input, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
List or select an output terminal.
With no arguments, list the active and available output terminals.
With --append, add the named terminals to the list of active output terminals; all of these will receive output from GRUB.
With --remove, remove the named terminals from the active list.
With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active.
Previous: terminal_output, Up: General commands [Contents][Index]
Define the capabilities of your terminal by giving the name of an entry in the terminfo database, which should correspond roughly to a ‘TERM’ environment variable in Unix.
The currently available terminal types are ‘vt100’, ‘vt100-color’, ‘ieee1275’, and ‘dumb’. If you need other terminal types, please contact us to discuss the best way to include support for these in GRUB.
The -a (--ascii), -u (--utf8), and -v (--visual-utf8) options control how non-ASCII text is displayed. -a specifies an ASCII-only terminal; -u specifies logically-ordered UTF-8; and -v specifies "visually-ordered UTF-8" (in other words, arranged such that a terminal emulator without bidirectional text support will display right-to-left text in the proper order; this is not really proper UTF-8, but a workaround).
If no option or terminal type is specified, the current terminal type is printed.
Next: Networking commands, Previous: General commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
These commands are usable in the command-line and in menu entries. If
you forget a command, you can run the command help
(see help).
• [: | Check file types and compare values | |
• acpi: | Load ACPI tables | |
• authenticate: | Check whether user is in user list | |
• background_color: | Set background color for active terminal | |
• background_image: | Load background image for active terminal | |
• badram: | Filter out bad regions of RAM | |
• blocklist: | Print a block list | |
• boot: | Start up your operating system | |
• cat: | Show the contents of a file | |
• chainloader: | Chain-load another boot loader | |
• clear: | Clear the screen | |
• cmosclean: | Clear bit in CMOS | |
• cmosdump: | Dump CMOS contents | |
• cmostest: | Test bit in CMOS | |
• cmp: | Compare two files | |
• configfile: | Load a configuration file | |
• cpuid: | Check for CPU features | |
• crc: | Compute or check CRC32 checksums | |
• cryptomount: | Mount a crypto device | |
• cutmem: | Remove memory regions | |
• date: | Display or set current date and time | |
• devicetree: | Load a device tree blob | |
• distrust: | Remove a pubkey from trusted keys | |
• distrust_certificate: | Remove a certificate from the list of trusted certificates | |
• drivemap: | Map a drive to another | |
• echo: | Display a line of text | |
• eval: | Evaluate agruments as GRUB commands | |
• export: | Export an environment variable | |
• false: | Do nothing, unsuccessfully | |
• gettext: | Translate a string | |
• gptsync: | Fill an MBR based on GPT entries | |
• halt: | Shut down your computer | |
• hashsum: | Compute or check hash checksum | |
• help: | Show help messages | |
• initrd: | Load a Linux initrd | |
• initrd16: | Load a Linux initrd (16-bit mode) | |
• insmod: | Insert a module | |
• keystatus: | Check key modifier status | |
• linux: | Load a Linux kernel | |
• linux16: | Load a Linux kernel (16-bit mode) | |
• list_certificates: | List trusted certificates | |
• list_env: | List variables in environment block | |
• list_trusted: | List trusted public keys | |
• load_env: | Load variables from environment block | |
• loadfont: | Load font files | |
• loopback: | Make a device from a filesystem image | |
• ls: | List devices or files | |
• lsfonts: | List loaded fonts | |
• lsmod: | Show loaded modules | |
• md5sum: | Compute or check MD5 hash | |
• module: | Load module for multiboot kernel | |
• multiboot: | Load multiboot compliant kernel | |
• nativedisk: | Switch to native disk drivers | |
• normal: | Enter normal mode | |
• normal_exit: | Exit from normal mode | |
• parttool: | Modify partition table entries | |
• password: | Set a clear-text password | |
• password_pbkdf2: | Set a hashed password | |
• play: | Play a tune | |
• probe: | Retrieve device info | |
• pxe_unload: | Unload the PXE environment | |
• read: | Read user input | |
• reboot: | Reboot your computer | |
• regexp: | Test if regular expression matches string | |
• rmmod: | Remove a module | |
• save_env: | Save variables to environment block | |
• search: | Search devices by file, label, or UUID | |
• sendkey: | Emulate keystrokes | |
• set: | Set an environment variable | |
• sha1sum: | Compute or check SHA1 hash | |
• sha256sum: | Compute or check SHA256 hash | |
• sha512sum: | Compute or check SHA512 hash | |
• sleep: | Wait for a specified number of seconds | |
• source: | Read a configuration file in same context | |
• test: | Check file types and compare values | |
• true: | Do nothing, successfully | |
• trust: | Add public key to list of trusted keys | |
• trust_certificate: | Add an x509 certificate to the list of trusted certificates | |
• unset: | Unset an environment variable | |
• uppermem: | Set the upper memory size | |
• verify_appended: | Verify appended digital signature | |
• verify_detached: | Verify detached digital signature | |
• videoinfo: | List available video modes | |
• xen_hypervisor: | Load xen hypervisor binary (only on AArch64) | |
• xen_module: | Load xen modules for xen hypervisor (only on AArch64) |
Next: acpi, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
[
expression ]
Alias for test expression
(see test).
Next: authenticate, Previous: [, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Modern BIOS systems normally implement the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), and define various tables that describe the interface between an ACPI-compliant operating system and the firmware. In some cases, the tables provided by default only work well with certain operating systems, and it may be necessary to replace some of them.
Normally, this command will replace the Root System Description Pointer (RSDP) in the Extended BIOS Data Area to point to the new tables. If the --no-ebda option is used, the new tables will be known only to GRUB, but may be used by GRUB’s EFI emulation.
Note: The command is not allowed when lockdown is enforced (see Lockdown). Otherwise an attacker can instruct the GRUB to load an SSDT table to overwrite the kernel lockdown configuration and later load and execute unsigned code.
Next: background_color, Previous: acpi, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Check whether user is in userlist or listed in the value of variable ‘superusers’. See see superusers for valid user list format. If ‘superusers’ is empty, this command returns true. See Security.
Next: background_image, Previous: authenticate, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Set background color for active terminal. For valid color specifications see see Colors. Background color can be changed only when using ‘gfxterm’ for terminal output.
This command sets color of empty areas without text. Text background color is controlled by environment variables color_normal, color_highlight, menu_color_normal, menu_color_highlight. See Special environment variables.
Next: badram, Previous: background_color, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load background image for active terminal from file. Image is stretched to fill up entire screen unless option --mode ‘normal’ is given. Without arguments remove currently loaded background image. Background image can be changed only when using ‘gfxterm’ for terminal output.
Next: blocklist, Previous: background_image, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Filter out bad RAM.
This command notifies the memory manager that specified regions of RAM ought to be filtered out (usually, because they’re damaged). This remains in effect after a payload kernel has been loaded by GRUB, as long as the loaded kernel obtains its memory map from GRUB. Kernels that support this include Linux, GNU Mach, the kernel of FreeBSD and Multiboot kernels in general.
Syntax is the same as provided by the Memtest86+ utility: a list of address/mask pairs. Given a page-aligned address and a base address / mask pair, if all the bits of the page-aligned address that are enabled by the mask match with the base address, it means this page is to be filtered. This syntax makes it easy to represent patterns that are often result of memory damage, due to physical distribution of memory cells.
The command is similar to cutmem
command.
Note: The command is not allowed when lockdown is enforced (see Lockdown). This prevents removing EFI memory regions to potentially subvert the security mechanisms provided by the UEFI secure boot.
Next: boot, Previous: badram, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Print a block list (see Block list syntax) for file.
Next: cat, Previous: blocklist, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Boot the OS or chain-loader which has been loaded. Only necessary if running the fully interactive command-line (it is implicit at the end of a menu entry).
Next: chainloader, Previous: boot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Display the contents of the file file. This command may be useful to remind you of your OS’s root partition:
grub> cat /etc/fstab
If the --dos option is used, then carriage return / new line pairs will be displayed as a simple new line. Otherwise, the carriage return will be displayed as a control character (‘<d>’) to make it easier to see when boot problems are caused by a file formatted using DOS-style line endings.
Next: clear, Previous: cat, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load file as a chain-loader. Like any other file loaded by the filesystem code, it can use the blocklist notation (see Block list syntax) to grab the first sector of the current partition with ‘+1’. If you specify the option --force, then load file forcibly, whether it has a correct signature or not. This is required when you want to load a defective boot loader, such as SCO UnixWare 7.1.
Next: cmosclean, Previous: chainloader, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Clear the screen.
Next: cmosdump, Previous: clear, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Clear value of bit in CMOS at location byte:bit. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: cmostest, Previous: cmosclean, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Dump full CMOS contents as hexadecimal values. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: cmp, Previous: cmosdump, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Test value of bit in CMOS at location byte:bit. Exit status is zero if bit is set, non zero otherwise. This command is available only on platforms that support CMOS.
Next: configfile, Previous: cmostest, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Compare the file file1 with the file file2. If they differ in size, print the sizes like this:
Differ in size: 0x1234 [foo], 0x4321 [bar]
If the sizes are equal but the bytes at an offset differ, then print the bytes like this:
Differ at the offset 777: 0xbe [foo], 0xef [bar]
If they are completely identical, nothing will be printed.
Next: cpuid, Previous: cmp, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load file as a configuration file. If file defines any menu
entries, then show a menu containing them immediately. Any environment
variable changes made by the commands in file will not be preserved
after configfile
returns.
Next: crc, Previous: configfile, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Check for CPU features. This command is only available on x86 systems.
With the -l option, return true if the CPU supports long mode (64-bit).
With the -p option, return true if the CPU supports Physical Address Extension (PAE).
If invoked without options, this command currently behaves as if it had been invoked with -l. This may change in the future.
Next: cryptomount, Previous: cpuid, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for hashsum --hash crc32 arg …
. See command hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: cutmem, Previous: crc, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Setup access to encrypted device. If necessary, passphrase is requested interactively. Option device configures specific grub device (see Naming convention); option -u uuid configures device with specified uuid; option -a configures all detected encrypted devices; option -b configures all geli containers that have boot flag set.
GRUB suports devices encrypted using LUKS and geli. Note that necessary modules (luks and geli) have to be loaded manually before this command can be used.
Next: date, Previous: cryptomount, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove any memory regions in specified range.
This command notifies the memory manager that specified regions of RAM ought to be filtered out. This remains in effect after a payload kernel has been loaded by GRUB, as long as the loaded kernel obtains its memory map from GRUB. Kernels that support this include Linux, GNU Mach, the kernel of FreeBSD and Multiboot kernels in general.
The command is similar to badram
command.
Note: The command is not allowed when lockdown is enforced (see Lockdown). This prevents removing EFI memory regions to potentially subvert the security mechanisms provided by the UEFI secure boot.
Next: devicetree, Previous: cutmem, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
With no arguments, print the current date and time.
Otherwise, take the current date and time, change any elements specified as arguments, and set the result as the new date and time. For example, ‘date 01-01’ will set the current month and day to January 1, but leave the year, hour, minute, and second unchanged.
Next: distrust, Previous: date, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a device tree blob (.dtb) from a filesystem, for later use by a Linux kernel. Does not perform merging with any device tree supplied by firmware, but rather replaces it completely.
Note: The command is not allowed when lockdown is enforced (see Lockdown). This is done to prevent subverting various security mechanisms.
Next: distrust_certificate, Previous: devicetree, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove public key pubkey_id from GRUB’s keyring of trusted keys.
pubkey_id is the last four bytes (eight hexadecimal digits) of
the GPG v4 key id, which is also the output of list_trusted
(see list_trusted). Outside of GRUB, the key id can be obtained
using gpg --fingerprint
).
These keys are used to validate signatures when environment variable
check_signatures
is set to enforce
(see check_signatures), and by some invocations of
verify_detached
(see verify_detached). See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more information.
Next: drivemap, Previous: distrust, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove the x509 certificate numbered cert_number from GRUB’s keyring of trusted x509 certificates for verifying appended signatures.
cert_number is the certificate number as listed by
list_certificates
(see list_certificates).
These certificates are used to validate appended signatures when environment
variable check_appended_signatures
is set to enforce
(see check_appended_signatures), and by verify_appended
(see verify_appended). See See Using appended signatures for more
information.
Next: echo, Previous: distrust_certificate, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Without options, map the drive from_drive to the drive to_drive. This is necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if such an OS resides at a non-first drive. For convenience, any partition suffix on the drive is ignored, so you can safely use ${root} as a drive specification.
With the -s option, perform the reverse mapping as well, swapping the two drives.
With the -l option, list the current mappings.
With the -r option, reset all mappings to the default values.
For example:
drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1)
Next: eval, Previous: drivemap, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Display the requested text and, unless the -n option is used, a trailing new line. If there is more than one string, they are separated by spaces in the output. As usual in GRUB commands, variables may be substituted using ‘${var}’.
The -e option enables interpretation of backslash escapes. The following sequences are recognised:
\\
backslash
\a
alert (BEL)
\c
suppress trailing new line
\f
form feed
\n
new line
\r
carriage return
\t
horizontal tab
\v
vertical tab
When interpreting backslash escapes, backslash followed by any other character will print that character.
Next: export, Previous: echo, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Concatenate arguments together using single space as separator and evaluate result as sequence of GRUB commands.
Next: false, Previous: eval, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Export the environment variable envvar. Exported variables are visible
to subsidiary configuration files loaded using configfile
.
Next: gettext, Previous: export, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Do nothing, unsuccessfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs
such as if
and while
(see Shell-like scripting).
Next: gptsync, Previous: false, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Translate string into the current language.
The current language code is stored in the ‘lang’ variable in GRUB’s environment (see lang). Translation files in MO format are read from ‘locale_dir’ (see locale_dir), usually /boot/grub2/locale.
Next: halt, Previous: gettext, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Disks using the GUID Partition Table (GPT) also have a legacy Master Boot Record (MBR) partition table for compatibility with the BIOS and with older operating systems. The legacy MBR can only represent a limited subset of GPT partition entries.
This command populates the legacy MBR with the specified partition entries on device. Up to three partitions may be used.
type is an MBR partition type code; prefix with ‘0x’ if you want to enter this in hexadecimal. The separator between partition and type may be ‘+’ to make the partition active, or ‘-’ to make it inactive; only one partition may be active. If both the separator and type are omitted, then the partition will be inactive.
Next: hashsum, Previous: gptsync, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
The command halts the computer. If the --no-apm option is specified, no APM BIOS call is performed. Otherwise, the computer is shut down using APM.
Next: help, Previous: halt, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Compute or verify file hashes. Hash type is selected with option --hash. Supported hashes are: ‘adler32’, ‘crc64’, ‘crc32’, ‘crc32rfc1510’, ‘crc24rfc2440’, ‘md4’, ‘md5’, ‘ripemd160’, ‘sha1’, ‘sha224’, ‘sha256’, ‘sha512’, ‘sha384’, ‘tiger192’, ‘tiger’, ‘tiger2’, ‘whirlpool’. Option --uncompress uncompresses files before computing hash.
When list of files is given, hash of each file is computed and printed, followed by file name, each file on a new line.
When option --check is given, it points to a file that contains
list of hash name pairs in the same format as used by UNIX
md5sum
command. Option --prefix
may be used to give directory where files are located. Hash verification
stops after the first mismatch was found unless option --keep-going
was given. The exit code $?
is set to 0 if hash verification
is successful. If it fails, $?
is set to a nonzero value.
Next: initrd, Previous: hashsum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If you do not specify pattern, this command shows short descriptions of all available commands.
If you specify any patterns, it displays longer information about each of the commands whose names begin with those patterns.
Next: initrd16, Previous: help, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image, and set the appropriate
parameters in the Linux setup area in memory. This may only be used after
the linux
command (see linux) has been run. See also
GNU/Linux.
Next: insmod, Previous: initrd, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image to be booted in 16-bit
mode, and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory.
This may only be used after the linux16
command (see linux16)
has been run. See also GNU/Linux.
This command is only available on x86 systems.
Next: keystatus, Previous: initrd16, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Insert the dynamic GRUB module called module.
Next: linux, Previous: insmod, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Return true if the Shift, Control, or Alt modifier keys are held down, as requested by options. This is useful in scripting, to allow some user control over behaviour without having to wait for a keypress.
Checking key modifier status is only supported on some platforms. If invoked
without any options, the keystatus
command returns true if and
only if checking key modifier status is supported.
Next: linux16, Previous: keystatus, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Linux kernel image from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (see initrd).
On x86 systems, the kernel will be booted using the 32-bit boot protocol.
Note that this means that the ‘vga=’ boot option will not work; if you
want to set a special video mode, you will need to use GRUB commands such as
‘set gfxpayload=1024x768’ or ‘set gfxpayload=keep’ (to keep the
same mode as used in GRUB) instead. GRUB can automatically detect some uses
of ‘vga=’ and translate them to appropriate settings of
‘gfxpayload’. The linux16
command (see linux16) avoids
this restriction.
Next: list_certificates, Previous: linux, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Linux kernel image from file in 16-bit mode. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (see initrd16).
The kernel will be booted using the traditional 16-bit boot protocol. As well as bypassing problems with ‘vga=’ described in linux, this permits booting some other programs that implement the Linux boot protocol for the sake of convenience.
This command is only available on x86 systems.
Next: list_env, Previous: linux16, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List all x509 certificates trusted by GRUB for validating appended signatures. The output is a numbered list of certificates, showing the certificate’s serial number and Common Name.
The certificate number can be used as an argument to
distrust_certificate
(see distrust_certificate).
See See Using appended signatures for more information.
Next: list_trusted, Previous: list_certificates, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List all variables in the environment block file. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
Next: load_env, Previous: list_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List all public keys trusted by GRUB for validating signatures.
The output is in GPG’s v4 key fingerprint format (i.e., the output of
gpg --fingerprint
). The least significant four bytes (last
eight hexadecimal digits) can be used as an argument to
distrust
(see distrust).
See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more information about uses for
these keys.
Next: loadfont, Previous: list_trusted, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load all variables from the environment block file into the environment. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
The --skip-sig option skips signature checking even when the
value of environment variable check_signatures
is set to
enforce
(see check_signatures).
If one or more variable names are provided as arguments, they are interpreted as a whitelist of variables to load from the environment block file. Variables set in the file but not present in the whitelist are ignored.
The --skip-sig option should be used with care, and should
always be used in concert with a whitelist of acceptable variables
whose values should be set. Failure to employ a carefully constructed
whitelist could result in reading a malicious value into critical
environment variables from the file, such as setting
check_signatures=no
, modifying prefix
to boot from an
unexpected location or not at all, etc.
When used with care, --skip-sig and the whitelist enable an administrator to configure a system to boot only signed configurations, but to allow the user to select from among multiple configurations, and to enable “one-shot” boot attempts and “savedefault” behavior. See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more information.
Extra care should be taken when combining this command with appended signatures
(see Using appended signatures), as this file is not validated by an
appended signature and could set check_appended_signatures=no
.
Next: loopback, Previous: load_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load specified font files. Unless absolute pathname is given, file is assumed to be in directory ‘$prefix/fonts’ with suffix ‘.pf2’ appended. See Fonts.
Next: ls, Previous: loadfont, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Make the device named device correspond to the contents of the filesystem image in file. For example:
loopback loop0 /path/to/image ls (loop0)/
With the -d option, delete a device previously created using this command.
Next: lsfonts, Previous: loopback, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List devices or files.
With no arguments, print all devices known to GRUB.
If the argument is a device name enclosed in parentheses (see Device syntax), then print the name of the filesystem of that device.
If the argument is a directory given as an absolute file name (see File name syntax), then list the contents of that directory.
Next: lsmod, Previous: ls, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List loaded fonts.
Next: md5sum, Previous: lsfonts, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Show list of loaded modules.
Next: module, Previous: lsmod, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for hashsum --hash md5 arg …
. See command hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: multiboot, Previous: md5sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a module for multiboot kernel image. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the module command line.
Next: nativedisk, Previous: module, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a multiboot kernel image from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any module must be reloaded after using this command (see module).
Some kernels have known problems. You need to specify –quirk-* for those. –quirk-bad-kludge is a problem seen in several products that they include loading kludge information with invalid data in ELF file. GRUB prior to 0.97 and some custom builds prefered ELF information while 0.97 and GRUB 2 use kludge. Use this option to ignore kludge. Known affected systems: old Solaris, SkyOS.
–quirk-modules-after-kernel is needed for kernels which load at relatively high address e.g. 16MiB mark and can’t cope with modules stuffed between 1MiB mark and beginning of the kernel. Known afftected systems: VMWare.
Next: normal, Previous: multiboot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Switch from firmware disk drivers to native ones. Really useful only on platforms where both firmware and native disk drives are available. Currently i386-pc, i386-efi, i386-ieee1275 and x86_64-efi.
Next: normal_exit, Previous: nativedisk, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Enter normal mode and display the GRUB menu.
In normal mode, commands, filesystem modules, and cryptography modules are
automatically loaded, and the full GRUB script parser is available. Other
modules may be explicitly loaded using insmod
(see insmod).
If a file is given, then commands will be read from that file. Otherwise, they will be read from $prefix/grub.cfg if it exists.
normal
may be called from within normal mode, creating a nested
environment. It is more usual to use configfile
(see configfile) for this.
Next: parttool, Previous: normal, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Exit normal mode (see normal). If this instance of normal mode was not nested within another one, then return to rescue mode.
Next: password, Previous: normal_exit, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Make various modifications to partition table entries.
Each command is either a boolean option, in which case it must be followed with ‘+’ or ‘-’ (with no intervening space) to enable or disable that option, or else it takes a value in the form ‘command=value’.
Currently, parttool
is only useful on DOS partition tables (also
known as Master Boot Record, or MBR). On these partition tables, the
following commands are available:
When enabled, this makes the selected partition be the active (bootable) partition on its disk, clearing the active flag on all other partitions. This command is limited to primary partitions.
Change the type of an existing partition. The value must be a number in the range 0-0xFF (prefix with ‘0x’ to enter it in hexadecimal).
When enabled, this hides the selected partition by setting the hidden bit in its partition type code; when disabled, unhides the selected partition by clearing this bit. This is useful only when booting DOS or Windows and multiple primary FAT partitions exist in one disk. See also DOS/Windows.
Next: password_pbkdf2, Previous: parttool, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Define a user named user with password clear-password. See Security.
Next: play, Previous: password, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Define a user named user with password hash hashed-password.
Use grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
(see Invoking grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2)
to generate password hashes. See Security.
Next: probe, Previous: password_pbkdf2, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Plays a tune
If the argument is a file name (see File name syntax), play the tune recorded in it. The file format is first the tempo as an unsigned 32bit little-endian number, then pairs of unsigned 16bit little-endian numbers for pitch and duration pairs.
If the arguments are a series of numbers, play the inline tune.
The tempo is the base for all note durations. 60 gives a 1-second base, 120 gives a half-second base, etc. Pitches are Hz. Set pitch to 0 to produce a rest.
Next: pxe_unload, Previous: play, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Retrieve device information. If option --set is given, assign result to variable var, otherwise print information on the screen.
Next: read, Previous: probe, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Unload the PXE environment (see Network).
This command is only available on PC BIOS systems.
Next: reboot, Previous: pxe_unload, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read a line of input from the user. If an environment variable var is given, set that environment variable to the line of input that was read, with no terminating newline.
Next: regexp, Previous: read, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Reboot the computer.
Next: rmmod, Previous: reboot, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Test if regular expression regexp matches string. Supported regular expressions are POSIX.2 Extended Regular Expressions. If option --set is given, store numberth matched subexpression in variable var. Subexpressions are numbered in order of their opening parentheses starting from ‘1’. number defaults to ‘1’.
Next: save_env, Previous: regexp, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Remove a loaded module.
Next: search, Previous: rmmod, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Save the named variables from the environment to the environment block file. See Environment block.
The --file option overrides the default location of the environment block.
This command will operate successfully even when environment variable
check_signatures
is set to enforce
(see check_signatures), since it writes to disk and does not alter
the behavior of GRUB based on any contents of disk that have been
read. It is possible to modify a digitally signed environment block
file from within GRUB using this command, such that its signature will
no longer be valid on subsequent boots. Care should be taken in such
advanced configurations to avoid rendering the system
unbootable. See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more information.
Next: sendkey, Previous: save_env, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Search devices by file (-f, --file), filesystem label (-l, --label), or filesystem UUID (-u, --fs-uuid).
If the --set option is used, the first device found is set as the value of environment variable var. The default variable is ‘root’.
The --no-floppy option prevents searching floppy devices, which can be slow.
The ‘search.file’, ‘search.fs_label’, and ‘search.fs_uuid’ commands are aliases for ‘search --file’, ‘search --label’, and ‘search --fs-uuid’ respectively.
Next: set, Previous: search, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Insert keystrokes into the keyboard buffer when booting. Sometimes an operating system or chainloaded boot loader requires particular keys to be pressed: for example, one might need to press a particular key to enter "safe mode", or when chainloading another boot loader one might send keystrokes to it to navigate its menu.
You may provide up to 16 keystrokes (the length of the BIOS keyboard buffer). Keystroke names may be upper-case or lower-case letters, digits, or taken from the following table:
Name | Key |
---|---|
escape | Escape |
exclam | ! |
at | @ |
numbersign | # |
dollar | $ |
percent | % |
caret | ^ |
ampersand | & |
asterisk | * |
parenleft | ( |
parenright | ) |
minus | - |
underscore | _ |
equal | = |
plus | + |
backspace | Backspace |
tab | Tab |
bracketleft | [ |
braceleft | { |
bracketright | ] |
braceright | } |
enter | Enter |
control | press and release Control |
semicolon | ; |
colon | : |
quote | ’ |
doublequote | " |
backquote | ‘ |
tilde | ~ |
shift | press and release left Shift |
backslash | \ |
bar | | |
comma | , |
less | < |
period | . |
greater | > |
slash | / |
question | ? |
rshift | press and release right Shift |
alt | press and release Alt |
space | space bar |
capslock | Caps Lock |
F1 | F1 |
F2 | F2 |
F3 | F3 |
F4 | F4 |
F5 | F5 |
F6 | F6 |
F7 | F7 |
F8 | F8 |
F9 | F9 |
F10 | F10 |
F11 | F11 |
F12 | F12 |
num1 | 1 (numeric keypad) |
num2 | 2 (numeric keypad) |
num3 | 3 (numeric keypad) |
num4 | 4 (numeric keypad) |
num5 | 5 (numeric keypad) |
num6 | 6 (numeric keypad) |
num7 | 7 (numeric keypad) |
num8 | 8 (numeric keypad) |
num9 | 9 (numeric keypad) |
num0 | 0 (numeric keypad) |
numperiod | . (numeric keypad) |
numend | End (numeric keypad) |
numdown | Down (numeric keypad) |
numpgdown | Page Down (numeric keypad) |
numleft | Left (numeric keypad) |
numcenter | 5 with Num Lock inactive (numeric keypad) |
numright | Right (numeric keypad) |
numhome | Home (numeric keypad) |
numup | Up (numeric keypad) |
numpgup | Page Up (numeric keypad) |
numinsert | Insert (numeric keypad) |
numdelete | Delete (numeric keypad) |
numasterisk | * (numeric keypad) |
numminus | - (numeric keypad) |
numplus | + (numeric keypad) |
numslash | / (numeric keypad) |
numenter | Enter (numeric keypad) |
delete | Delete |
insert | Insert |
home | Home |
end | End |
pgdown | Page Down |
pgup | Page Up |
down | Down |
up | Up |
left | Left |
right | Right |
As well as keystrokes, the sendkey
command takes various options
that affect the BIOS keyboard status flags. These options take an ‘on’
or ‘off’ parameter, specifying that the corresponding status flag be
set or unset; omitting the option for a given status flag will leave that
flag at its initial state at boot. The --num, --caps,
--scroll, and --insert options emulate setting the
corresponding mode, while the --numkey, --capskey,
--scrollkey, and --insertkey options emulate pressing and
holding the corresponding key. The other status flag options are
self-explanatory.
If the --no-led option is given, the status flag options will have no effect on keyboard LEDs.
If the sendkey
command is given multiple times, then only the last
invocation has any effect.
Since sendkey
manipulates the BIOS keyboard buffer, it may cause
hangs, reboots, or other misbehaviour on some systems. If the operating
system or boot loader that runs after GRUB uses its own keyboard driver
rather than the BIOS keyboard functions, then sendkey
will have no
effect.
This command is only available on PC BIOS systems.
Next: sha1sum, Previous: sendkey, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Set the environment variable envvar to value. If invoked with no arguments, print all environment variables with their values.
Next: sha256sum, Previous: set, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for hashsum --hash sha1 arg …
. See command hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: sha512sum, Previous: sha1sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for hashsum --hash sha256 arg …
. See command hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: sleep, Previous: sha256sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Alias for hashsum --hash sha512 arg …
. See command hashsum
(see hashsum) for full description.
Next: source, Previous: sha512sum, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Sleep for count seconds. If option --interruptible is given, allow ESC to interrupt sleep. With --verbose show countdown of remaining seconds. Exit code is set to 0 if timeout expired and to 1 if timeout was interrupted by ESC.
Next: test, Previous: sleep, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read file as a configuration file, as if its contents had been
incorporated directly into the sourcing file. Unlike configfile
(see configfile), this executes the contents of file without
changing context: any environment variable changes made by the commands in
file will be preserved after source
returns, and the menu
will not be shown immediately.
Next: true, Previous: source, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Evaluate expression and return zero exit status if result is true, non zero status otherwise.
expression is one of:
==
string2the strings are equal
!=
string2the strings are not equal
<
string2string1 is lexicographically less than string2
<=
string2string1 is lexicographically less or equal than string2
>
string2string1 is lexicographically greater than string2
>=
string2string1 is lexicographically greater or equal than string2
-eq
integer2integer1 is equal to integer2
-ge
integer2integer1 is greater than or equal to integer2
-gt
integer2integer1 is greater than integer2
-le
integer2integer1 is less than or equal to integer2
-lt
integer2integer1 is less than integer2
-ne
integer2integer1 is not equal to integer2
-pgt
prefixinteger2integer1 is greater than integer2 after stripping off common non-numeric prefix.
-plt
prefixinteger2integer1 is less than integer2 after stripping off common non-numeric prefix.
-nt
file2file1 is newer than file2 (modification time). Optionally numeric bias may be directly appended to -nt
in which case it is added to the first file modification time.
-ot
file2file1 is older than file2 (modification time). Optionally numeric bias may be directly appended to -ot
in which case it is added to the first file modification time.
-d
filefile exists and is a directory
-e
filefile exists
-f
filefile exists and is not a directory
-s
filefile exists and has a size greater than zero
-n
stringthe length of string is nonzero
string is equivalent to -n string
-z
stringthe length of string is zero
(
expression )
expression is true
!
expressionexpression is false
-a
expression2both expression1 and expression2 are true
both expression1 and expression2 are true. This syntax is not POSIX-compliant and is not recommended.
-o
expression2either expression1 or expression2 is true
Next: trust, Previous: test, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Do nothing, successfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs such
as if
and while
(see Shell-like scripting).
Next: trust_certificate, Previous: true, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read public key from pubkey_file and add it to GRUB’s internal
list of trusted public keys. These keys are used to validate digital
signatures when environment variable check_signatures
is set to
enforce
. Note that if check_signatures
is set to
enforce
when trust
executes, then pubkey_file
must itself be properly signed. The --skip-sig option can be
used to disable signature-checking when reading pubkey_file
itself. It is expected that --skip-sig is useful for testing
and manual booting. See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more
information.
Next: unset, Previous: trust, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Read an DER-formatted x509 certificate from the file x509_certificate
and add it to GRUB’s internal list of trusted x509 certificates. These
certificates are used to validate appended signatures when the environment
variable check_appended_signatures
is set to enforce
.
Note that if check_appended_signatures
is set to enforce
when trust_certificate
is executed, then x509_certificate
must itself bear an appended signature. (It is not sufficient that
x509_certificate be signed by a trusted certificate according to the
x509 rules: grub does not include support for validating signatures within x509
certificates themselves.)
See See Using appended signatures for more information.
Next: uppermem, Previous: trust_certificate, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Unset the environment variable envvar.
Next: verify_appended, Previous: unset, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
This command is not yet implemented for GRUB 2, although it is planned.
Next: verify_detached, Previous: uppermem, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Verifies an appended signature on file against the trusted certificates known to GRUB (See see list_certificates, see trust_certificate, and see distrust_certificate).
Exit code $?
is set to 0 if the signature validates
successfully. If validation fails, it is set to a non-zero value.
See See Using appended signatures, for more information.
Next: videoinfo, Previous: verify_appended, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Verifies a GPG-style detached signature, where the signed file is
file, and the signature itself is in file signature_file.
Optionally, a specific public key to use can be specified using
pubkey_file. When environment variable check_signatures
is set to enforce
, then pubkey_file must itself be
properly signed by an already-trusted key. An unsigned
pubkey_file can be loaded by specifying --skip-sig.
If pubkey_file is omitted, then public keys from GRUB’s trusted keys
(see list_trusted, see trust, and see distrust) are
tried.
Exit code $?
is set to 0 if the signature validates
successfully. If validation fails, it is set to a non-zero value.
See Using GPG-style digital signatures, for more information.
Next: xen_hypervisor, Previous: verify_detached, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
List available video modes. If resolution is given, show only matching modes.
Next: xen_module, Previous: videoinfo, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a Xen hypervisor binary from file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel command-line. Any other binaries must be reloaded after using this command. This command is only available on AArch64 systems.
Previous: xen_hypervisor, Up: Command-line and menu entry commands [Contents][Index]
Load a module for xen hypervisor at the booting process of xen. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the module command line. Modules should be loaded in the following order: - dom0 kernel image - dom0 ramdisk if present - XSM policy if present This command is only available on AArch64 systems.
Previous: Command-line and menu entry commands, Up: Commands [Contents][Index]
• net_add_addr: | Add a network address | |
• net_add_dns: | Add a DNS server | |
• net_add_route: | Add routing entry | |
• net_bootp: | Perform a bootp autoconfiguration | |
• net_bootp6: | Perform a DHCPv6 autoconfiguration | |
• net_del_addr: | Remove IP address from interface | |
• net_del_dns: | Remove a DNS server | |
• net_del_route: | Remove a route entry | |
• net_get_dhcp_option: | Retrieve DHCP options | |
• net_ipv6_autoconf: | Perform IPv6 autoconfiguration | |
• net_ls_addr: | List interfaces | |
• net_ls_cards: | List network cards | |
• net_ls_dns: | List DNS servers | |
• net_ls_routes: | List routing entries | |
• net_nslookup: | Perform a DNS lookup |
Next: net_add_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Configure additional network interface with address on a network card. address can be either IP in dotted decimal notation, or symbolic name which is resolved using DNS lookup. If successful, this command also adds local link routing entry to the default subnet of address with name interface‘:local’ via interface.
Next: net_add_route, Previous: net_add_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Resolve server IP address and add to the list of DNS servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_bootp, Previous: net_add_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Add route to network with address ip as modified by prefix via either local interface or gateway. prefix is optional and defaults to 32 for IPv4 address and 128 for IPv6 address. Route is identified by shortname which can be used to remove it (see net_del_route).
Next: net_bootp6, Previous: net_add_route, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Perform configuration of card using DHCP protocol. If no card name is specified, try to configure all existing cards. If configuration was successful, interface with name card‘:dhcp’ and configured address is added to card. Additionally the following DHCP options are recognized and processed:
Used to calculate network local routing entry for interface card‘:dhcp’.
Adds default route entry with the name card‘:dhcp:default’ via gateway from DHCP option. Note that only option with single route is accepted.
Adds all servers from option value to the list of servers used during name resolution.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_hostname’ (see net_<interface>_hostname) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_domain’ (see net_<interface>_domain) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_rootpath’ (see net_<interface>_rootpath) to the value of option.
Sets environment variable ‘net_’<card>‘_dhcp_extensionspath’ (see net_<interface>_extensionspath) to the value of option.
Next: net_del_addr, Previous: net_bootp, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Perform configuration of card using DHCPv6 protocol. If no card name is specified, try to configure all existing cards. If configuration was successful, interface with name card‘:dhcp6’ and configured address is added to card.
Adds all servers from option value to the list of servers used during name resolution.
Next: net_del_dns, Previous: net_bootp6, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove configured interface with associated address.
Next: net_del_route, Previous: net_del_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove address from list of servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_get_dhcp_option, Previous: net_del_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Remove route entry identified by shortname.
Next: net_ipv6_autoconf, Previous: net_del_route, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Request DHCP option number of type via interface. type can be one of ‘string’, ‘number’ or ‘hex’. If option is found, assign its value to variable var. Values of types ‘number’ and ‘hex’ are converted to string representation.
Next: net_ls_addr, Previous: net_get_dhcp_option, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Perform IPv6 autoconfiguration by adding to the card interface with name card‘:link’ and link local MAC-based address. If no card is specified, perform autoconfiguration for all existing cards.
Next: net_ls_cards, Previous: net_ipv6_autoconf, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List all configured interfaces with their MAC and IP addresses.
Next: net_ls_dns, Previous: net_ls_addr, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List all detected network cards with their MAC address.
Next: net_ls_routes, Previous: net_ls_cards, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List addresses of DNS servers used during name lookup.
Next: net_nslookup, Previous: net_ls_dns, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
List routing entries.
Previous: net_ls_routes, Up: Networking commands [Contents][Index]
Resolve address of name using DNS server server. If no server is given, use default list of servers.
GRUB uses UTF-8 internally other than in rendering where some GRUB-specific appropriate representation is used. All text files (including config) are assumed to be encoded in UTF-8.
NTFS, JFS, UDF, HFS+, exFAT, long filenames in FAT, Joliet part of ISO9660 are treated as UTF-16 as per specification. AFS and BFS are read as UTF-8, again according to specification. BtrFS, cpio, tar, squash4, minix, minix2, minix3, ROMFS, ReiserFS, XFS, ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT (short names), F2FS, RockRidge part of ISO9660, nilfs2, UFS1, UFS2 and ZFS are assumed to be UTF-8. This might be false on systems configured with legacy charset but as long as the charset used is superset of ASCII you should be able to access ASCII-named files. And it’s recommended to configure your system to use UTF-8 to access the filesystem, convmv may help with migration. ISO9660 (plain) filenames are specified as being ASCII or being described with unspecified escape sequences. GRUB assumes that the ISO9660 names are UTF-8 (since any ASCII is valid UTF-8). There are some old CD-ROMs which use CP437 in non-compliant way. You’re still able to access files with names containing only ASCII characters on such filesystems though. You’re also able to access any file if the filesystem contains valid Joliet (UTF-16) or RockRidge (UTF-8). AFFS, SFS and HFS never use unicode and GRUB assumes them to be in Latin1, Latin1 and MacRoman respectively. GRUB handles filesystem case-insensitivity however no attempt is performed at case conversion of international characters so e.g. a file named lowercase greek alpha is treated as different from the one named as uppercase alpha. The filesystems in questions are NTFS (except POSIX namespace), HFS+ (configurable at mkfs time, default insensitive), SFS (configurable at mkfs time, default insensitive), JFS (configurable at mkfs time, default sensitive), HFS, AFFS, FAT, exFAT and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property “casesensitivity”, default sensitive). On ZFS subvolumes marked as case insensitive files containing lowercase international characters are inaccessible. Also like all supported filesystems except HFS+ and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property “normalization”, default none) GRUB makes no attempt at check of canonical equivalence so a file name u-diaresis is treated as distinct from u+combining diaresis. This however means that in order to access file on HFS+ its name must be specified in normalisation form D. On normalized ZFS subvolumes filenames out of normalisation are inaccessible.
Firmware output console “console” on ARC and IEEE1275 are limited to ASCII.
BIOS firmware console and VGA text are limited to ASCII and some pseudographics.
None of above mentioned is appropriate for displaying international and any unsupported character is replaced with question mark except pseudographics which we attempt to approximate with ASCII.
EFI console on the other hand nominally supports UTF-16 but actual language coverage depends on firmware and may be very limited.
The encoding used on serial can be chosen with terminfo
as
either ASCII, UTF-8 or “visual UTF-8”. Last one is against the specification
but results in correct rendering of right-to-left on some readers which don’t
have own bidi implementation.
On emu GRUB checks if charset is UTF-8 and uses it if so and uses ASCII otherwise.
When using gfxterm or gfxmenu GRUB itself is responsible for rendering the text. In this case GRUB is limited by loaded fonts. If fonts contain all required characters then bidirectional text, cursive variants and combining marks other than enclosing, half (e.g. left half tilde or combining overline) and double ones. Ligatures aren’t supported though. This should cover European, Middle Eastern (if you don’t mind lack of lam-alif ligature in Arabic) and East Asian scripts. Notable unsupported scripts are Brahmic family and derived as well as Mongolian, Tifinagh, Korean Jamo (precomposed characters have no problem) and tonal writing (2e5-2e9). GRUB also ignores deprecated (as specified in Unicode) characters (e.g. tags). GRUB also doesn’t handle so called “annotation characters” If you can complete either of two lists or, better, propose a patch to improve rendering, please contact developer team.
Firmware console on BIOS, IEEE1275 and ARC doesn’t allow you to enter non-ASCII characters. EFI specification allows for such but author is unaware of any actual implementations. Serial input is currently limited for latin1 (unlikely to change). Own keyboard implementations (at_keyboard and usb_keyboard) supports any key but work on one-char-per-keystroke. So no dead keys or advanced input method. Also there is no keymap change hotkey. In practice it makes difficult to enter any text using non-Latin alphabet. Moreover all current input consumers are limited to ASCII.
GRUB supports being translated. For this you need to have language *.mo files in $prefix/locale, load gettext module and set “lang” variable.
Regexps work on unicode characters, however no attempt at checking cannonical equivalence has been made. Moreover the classes like [:alpha:] match only ASCII subset.
Currently GRUB always uses YEAR-MONTH-DAY HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND [WEEKDAY] 24-hour
datetime format but weekdays are translated.
GRUB always uses the decimal number format with [0-9] as digits and . as
descimal separator and no group separator.
IEEE1275 aliases are matched case-insensitively except non-ASCII which is
matched as binary. Similar behaviour is for matching OSBundleRequired.
Since IEEE1275 aliases and OSBundleRequired don’t contain any non-ASCII it
should never be a problem in practice.
Case-sensitive identifiers are matched as raw strings, no canonical
equivalence check is performed. Case-insenstive identifiers are matched
as RAW but additionally [a-z] is equivalent to [A-Z]. GRUB-defined
identifiers use only ASCII and so should user-defined ones.
Identifiers containing non-ASCII may work but aren’t supported.
Only the ASCII space characters (space U+0020, tab U+000b, CR U+000d and
LF U+000a) are recognised. Other unicode space characters aren’t a valid
field separator.
test
(see test) tests <, >, <=, >=, -pgt and -plt compare the strings in the
lexicographical order of unicode codepoints, replicating the behaviour of
test from coreutils.
environment variables and commands are listed in the same order.
Next: Platform limitations, Previous: Internationalisation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
• Authentication and authorisation: | Users and access control | |
• Using GPG-style digital signatures: | Booting digitally signed code | |
• Using appended signatures: | An alternative approach to booting digitally signed code | |
• Signing GRUB itself: | Ensuring the integrity of the GRUB core image | |
• Secure Boot Advanced Targeting: | Embedded information for generation number based revocation | |
• Lockdown: | Lockdown when booting on a secure setup |
Next: Using GPG-style digital signatures, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
By default, the boot loader interface is accessible to anyone with physical access to the console: anyone can select and edit any menu entry, and anyone can get direct access to a GRUB shell prompt. For most systems, this is reasonable since anyone with direct physical access has a variety of other ways to gain full access, and requiring authentication at the boot loader level would only serve to make it difficult to recover broken systems.
However, in some environments, such as kiosks, it may be appropriate to lock down the boot loader to require authentication before performing certain operations.
The ‘password’ (see password) and ‘password_pbkdf2’
(see password_pbkdf2) commands can be used to define users, each of
which has an associated password. ‘password’ sets the password in
plain text, requiring grub.cfg to be secure; ‘password_pbkdf2’
sets the password hashed using the Password-Based Key Derivation Function
(RFC 2898), requiring the use of grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
(see Invoking grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2) to generate password hashes.
In order to enable authentication support, the ‘superusers’ environment variable must be set to a list of usernames, separated by any of spaces, commas, semicolons, pipes, or ampersands. Superusers are permitted to use the GRUB command line, edit menu entries, and execute any menu entry. If ‘superusers’ is set, then use of the command line and editing of menu entries are automatically restricted to superusers. Setting ‘superusers’ to empty string effectively disables both access to CLI and editing of menu entries.
Other users may be allowed to execute specific menu entries by giving a list of usernames (as above) using the --users option to the ‘menuentry’ command (see menuentry). If the --unrestricted option is used for a menu entry, then that entry is unrestricted. If the --users option is not used for a menu entry, then that only superusers are able to use it.
Putting this together, a typical grub.cfg fragment might look like this:
set superusers="root" password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.biglongstring password user1 insecure menuentry "May be run by any user" --unrestricted { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz } menuentry "Superusers only" --users "" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz single } menuentry "May be run by user1 or a superuser" --users user1 { set root=(hd0,2) chainloader +1 }
The grub2-mkconfig
program does not yet have built-in support for
generating configuration files with authentication. You can use
/etc/grub.d/40_custom to add simple superuser authentication, by
adding set superusers= and password or password_pbkdf2
commands.
Next: Using appended signatures, Previous: Authentication and authorisation, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
GRUB’s core.img can optionally provide enforcement that all files subsequently read from disk are covered by a valid digital signature. This section does not cover how to ensure that your platform’s firmware (e.g., Coreboot) validates core.img.
If environment variable check_signatures
(see check_signatures) is set to enforce
, then every
attempt by the GRUB core.img to load another file foo
implicitly invokes verify_detached foo foo.sig
(see verify_detached). foo.sig
must contain a valid
digital signature over the contents of foo
, which can be
verified with a public key currently trusted by GRUB
(see list_trusted, see trust, and see distrust). If
validation fails, then file foo cannot be opened. This failure
may halt or otherwise impact the boot process.
An initial trusted public key can be embedded within the GRUB
core.img using the --pubkey
option to
grub2-install
(see Invoking grub2-install).
GRUB uses GPG-style detached signatures (meaning that a file foo.sig will be produced when file foo is signed), and currently supports the DSA and RSA signing algorithms. A signing key can be generated as follows:
gpg --gen-key
An individual file can be signed as follows:
gpg --detach-sign /path/to/file
For successful validation of all of GRUB’s subcomponents and the
loaded OS kernel, they must all be signed. One way to accomplish this
is the following (after having already produced the desired
grub.cfg file, e.g., by running grub2-mkconfig
(see Invoking grub2-mkconfig):
# Edit /dev/shm/passphrase.txt to contain your signing key's passphrase for i in `find /boot -name "*.cfg" -or -name "*.lst" -or \ -name "*.mod" -or -name "vmlinuz*" -or -name "initrd*" -or \ -name "grubenv"`; do gpg --batch --detach-sign --passphrase-fd 0 $i < \ /dev/shm/passphrase.txt done shred /dev/shm/passphrase.txt
See also: check_signatures, verify_detached, trust, list_trusted, distrust, load_env, save_env.
Note that internally signature enforcement is controlled by setting
the environment variable check_signatures
equal to
enforce
. Passing one or more --pubkey
options to
grub2-mkimage
implicitly defines check_signatures
equal to enforce
in core.img prior to processing any
configuration files.
Note that signature checking does not prevent an attacker with (serial, physical, ...) console access from dropping manually to the GRUB console and executing:
set check_signatures=no
To prevent this, password-protection (see Authentication and authorisation) is essential. Note that even with GRUB password protection, GRUB itself cannot prevent someone with physical access to the machine from altering that machine’s firmware (e.g., Coreboot or BIOS) configuration to cause the machine to boot from a different (attacker-controlled) device. GRUB is at best only one link in a secure boot chain.
Next: Signing GRUB itself, Previous: Using GPG-style digital signatures, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
GRUB supports verifying Linux-style ’appended signatures’ for secure boot. Appended signatures are PKCS#7 messages containing a signature over the contents of a file, plus some metadata, appended to the end of a file. A file with an appended signature ends with the magic string:
~Module signature appended~\n
where \n
represents the carriage-return character, 0x0a
.
To enable appended signature verification, load the appendedsig module and an x509 certificate for verification. Building the appendedsig module into the core grub image is recommended.
Certificates can be managed at boot time using the see trust_certificate,
see distrust_certificate and see list_certificates commands.
Certificates can also be built in to the core image using the --x509
parameter to grub-install
or grub-mkimage
.
A file can be explictly verified using the see verify_appended command.
Only signatures made with the SHA-256 or SHA-512 hash algorithm are supported, and only RSA signatures are supported.
A file can be signed with the sign-file
utility supplied with the
Linux kernel source. For example, if you have signing.key
as the private
key and certificate.der
as the x509 certificate containing the public key:
sign-file SHA256 signing.key certificate.der vmlinux vmlinux.signed
Enforcement of signature verification is controlled by the
check_appended_signatures
variable. Verification will only take place
when files are loaded if the variable is set to enforce
. If a
certificate is built into the grub core image with the --x509
parameter,
the variable will be automatically set to enforce
when the appendedsig
module is loaded.
Unlike GPG-style signatures, not all files loaded by GRUB are required to be signed. Once verification is turned on, the following file types must carry appended signatures:
ACPI tables and Device Tree images will not be checked for appended signatures but must be verified by another mechanism such as GPG-style signatures before they will be loaded.
No attempt is made to validate any other file type. In particular, chain-loaded binaries are not verified - if your platform supports chain-loading and this cannot be disabled, consider an alternative secure boot mechanism.
As with GPG-style appended signatures, signature checking does not stop an attacker with console access from dropping manually to the GRUB console and executing:
set check_appended_signatures=no
Refer to the section on password-protecting GRUB (see Authentication and authorisation) for more information on preventing this.
Additionally, special care must be taken around the loadenv
command,
which can be used to turn off check_appended_signature
.
Next: Secure Boot Advanced Targeting, Previous: Using appended signatures, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
To ensure a complete secure-boot chain, there must be a way for the code that loads GRUB to verify the integrity of the core image.
This is ultimately platform-specific and individual platforms can define their own mechanisms. However, there are general-purpose mechanisms that can be used with GRUB.
On UEFI platforms, core.img is a PE binary. Therefore, it can be signed
with a tool such as pesign
or sbsign
. It will also be
necessary to enrol the public key used into a relevant firmware key database.
The core.img itself can be signed with a Linux kernel module-style appended signature.
To support IEEE1275 platforms where the boot image is often loaded directly
from a disk partition rather than from a file system, the core.img
can specify the size and location of the appended signature with an ELF
note added by grub-install
.
An image can be signed this way using the sign-file
command from
the Linux kernel:
# grub.key is your private key and certificate.der is your public key # Determine the size of the appended signature. It depends on the signing # certificate and the hash algorithm touch empty sign-file SHA256 grub.key certificate.der empty empty.sig SIG_SIZE=`stat -c '%s' empty.sig` rm empty empty.sig # Build a grub image with $SIG_SIZE reserved for the signature grub-install --appended-signature-size $SIG_SIZE --modules="..." ... # Replace the reserved size with a signature: # cut off the last $SIG_SIZE bytes with truncate's minus modifier truncate -s -$SIG_SIZE /boot/grub/powerpc-ieee1275/core.elf core.elf.unsigned # sign the trimmed file with an appended signature, restoring the correct size sign-file SHA256 grub.key certificate.der core.elf.unsigned core.elf.signed # Don't forget to install the signed image as required # (e.g. on powerpc-ieee1275, to the PReP partition)
As with UEFI secure boot, it is necessary to build in the required modules, or sign them separately.
Next: Lockdown, Previous: Signing GRUB itself, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
The Secure Boot Advanced Targeting (SBAT) is a mechanism to allow the revocation of components in the boot path by using generation numbers embedded into the EFI binaries. The SBAT metadata is located in an .sbat data section that has set of UTF-8 strings as comma-separated values (CSV). See https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/SBAT.md for more details.
To add a data section containing the SBAT information into the binary, the
--sbat option of grub-mkimage
command should be used. The content
of a CSV file, encoded with UTF-8, is copied as is to the .sbat data section into
the generated EFI binary. The CSV file can be stored anywhere on the file system.
grub-mkimage -O x86_64-efi -o grubx64.efi -p '(tftp)/grub' --sbat sbat.csv efinet tftp
Previous: Secure Boot Advanced Targeting, Up: Security [Contents][Index]
The GRUB can be locked down when booted on a secure boot environment, for example if the UEFI secure boot is enabled. On a locked down configuration, the GRUB will be restricted and some operations/commands cannot be executed.
The ‘lockdown’ variable is set to ‘y’ when the GRUB is locked down. Otherwise it does not exit.
Next: Platform-specific operations, Previous: Security, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB2 is designed to be portable and is actually ported across platforms. We try to keep all platforms at the level. Unfortunately some platforms are better supported than others. This is detailed in current and 2 following sections.
ARC platform is unable to change datetime (firmware doesn’t seem to provide a function for it). EMU has similar limitation.
On EMU platform no serial port is available.
Console charset refers only to firmware-assisted console. gfxterm is always Unicode (see Internationalisation section for its limitations). Serial is configurable to UTF-8 or ASCII (see Internationalisation). In case of qemu and coreboot ports the refered console is vga_text. Loongson always uses gfxterm.
Most limited one is ASCII. CP437 provides additionally pseudographics. GRUB2 doesn’t use any language characters from CP437 as often CP437 is replaced by national encoding compatible only in pseudographics. Unicode is the most versatile charset which supports many languages. However the actual console may be much more limited depending on firmware
On BIOS network is supported only if the image is loaded through network. On sparc64 GRUB is unable to determine which server it was booted from.
Direct ATA/AHCI support allows to circumvent various firmware limitations but isn’t needed for normal operation except on baremetal ports.
AT keyboard support allows keyboard layout remapping and support for keys not available through firmware. It isn’t needed for normal operation except baremetal ports.
Speaker allows morse and spkmodem communication.
USB support provides benefits similar to ATA (for USB disks) or AT (for USB keyboards). In addition it allows USBserial.
Chainloading refers to the ability to load another bootloader through the same protocol
Hints allow faster disk discovery by already knowing in advance which is the disk in question. On some platforms hints are correct unless you move the disk between boots. On other platforms it’s just an educated guess. Note that hint failure results in just reduced performance, not a failure
BadRAM is the ability to mark some of the RAM as “bad”. Note: due to protocol limitations mips-loongson (with Linux protocol) and mips-qemu_mips can use only memory up to first hole.
Bootlocation is ability of GRUB to automatically detect where it boots from. “disk” means the detection is limited to detecting the disk with partition being discovered on install time. “partition” means that disk and partiton can be automatically discovered. “file” means that boot image file name as well as disk and partition can be discovered. For consistency default install ignores partition and relies solely on disk detection. If no bootlocation discovery is available or boot and grub-root disks are different, UUID is used instead. On ARC if no device to install to is specified, UUID is used instead as well.
BIOS | Coreboot | Multiboot | Qemu | |
video | yes | yes | yes | yes |
console charset | CP437 | CP437 | CP437 | CP437 |
network | yes (*) | no | no | no |
ATA/AHCI | yes | yes | yes | yes |
AT keyboard | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Speaker | yes | yes | yes | yes |
USB | yes | yes | yes | yes |
chainloader | local | yes | yes | no |
cpuid | partial | partial | partial | partial |
hints | guess | guess | guess | guess |
PCI | yes | yes | yes | yes |
badram | yes | yes | yes | yes |
compression | always | pointless | no | no |
exit | yes | no | no | no |
bootlocation | disk | no | no | no |
ia32 EFI | amd64 EFI | ia32 IEEE1275 | Itanium | |
video | yes | yes | no | no |
console charset | Unicode | Unicode | ASCII | Unicode |
network | yes | yes | yes | yes |
ATA/AHCI | yes | yes | yes | no |
AT keyboard | yes | yes | yes | no |
Speaker | yes | yes | yes | no |
USB | yes | yes | yes | no |
chainloader | local | local | no | local |
cpuid | partial | partial | partial | no |
hints | guess | guess | good | guess |
PCI | yes | yes | yes | no |
badram | yes | yes | no | yes |
compression | no | no | no | no |
exit | yes | yes | yes | yes |
bootlocation | file | file | file, ignored | file |
Loongson | sparc64 | Powerpc | ARC | |
video | yes | no | yes | no |
console charset | N/A | ASCII | ASCII | ASCII |
network | no | yes (*) | yes | no |
ATA/AHCI | yes | no | no | no |
AT keyboard | yes | no | no | no |
Speaker | no | no | no | no |
USB | yes | no | no | no |
chainloader | yes | no | no | no |
cpuid | no | no | no | no |
hints | good | good | good | no |
PCI | yes | no | no | no |
badram | yes (*) | no | no | no |
compression | configurable | no | no | configurable |
exit | no | yes | yes | yes |
bootlocation | no | partition | file | file (*) |
MIPS qemu | emu | xen | |
video | no | yes | no |
console charset | CP437 | Unicode (*) | ASCII |
network | no | yes | no |
ATA/AHCI | yes | no | no |
AT keyboard | yes | no | no |
Speaker | no | no | no |
USB | N/A | yes | no |
chainloader | yes | no | yes |
cpuid | no | no | yes |
hints | guess | no | no |
PCI | no | no | no |
badram | yes (*) | no | no |
compression | configurable | no | no |
exit | no | yes | no |
bootlocation | no | file | no |
Next: Supported kernels, Previous: Platform limitations, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Some platforms have features which allows to implement some commands useless or not implementable on others.
Quick summary:
Information retrieval:
Workarounds for platform-specific issues:
Advanced operations for power users:
Miscelaneous:
Next: Troubleshooting, Previous: Platform-specific operations, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
X86 support is summarised in the following table. “Yes” means that the kernel works on the given platform, “crashes” means an early kernel crash which we hope will be fixed by concerned kernel developers. “no” means GRUB doesn’t load the given kernel on a given platform. “headless” means that the kernel works but lacks console drivers (you can still use serial or network console). In case of “no” and “crashes” the reason is given in footnote.
BIOS | Coreboot | |
BIOS chainloading | yes | no (1) |
NTLDR | yes | no (1) |
Plan9 | yes | no (1) |
Freedos | yes | no (1) |
FreeBSD bootloader | yes | crashes (1) |
32-bit kFreeBSD | yes | crashes (5) |
64-bit kFreeBSD | yes | crashes (5) |
32-bit kNetBSD | yes | crashes (1) |
64-bit kNetBSD | yes | crashes |
32-bit kOpenBSD | yes | yes |
64-bit kOpenBSD | yes | yes |
Multiboot | yes | yes |
Multiboot2 | yes | yes |
32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | yes | no (1) |
64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | yes | no (1) |
32-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
64-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
32-bit XNU | yes | ? |
64-bit XNU | yes | ? |
32-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) | no (2) |
64-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) | no (2) |
Appleloader | no (2) | no (2) |
Multiboot | Qemu | |
BIOS chainloading | no (1) | no (1) |
NTLDR | no (1) | no (1) |
Plan9 | no (1) | no (1) |
FreeDOS | no (1) | no (1) |
FreeBSD bootloader | crashes (1) | crashes (1) |
32-bit kFreeBSD | crashes (5) | crashes (5) |
64-bit kFreeBSD | crashes (5) | crashes (5) |
32-bit kNetBSD | crashes (1) | crashes (1) |
64-bit kNetBSD | yes | yes |
32-bit kOpenBSD | yes | yes |
64-bit kOpenBSD | yes | yes |
Multiboot | yes | yes |
Multiboot2 | yes | yes |
32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) | no (1) |
64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) | no (1) |
32-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
64-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
32-bit XNU | ? | ? |
64-bit XNU | ? | ? |
32-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) | no (2) |
64-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) | no (2) |
Appleloader | no (2) | no (2) |
ia32 EFI | amd64 EFI | |
BIOS chainloading | no (1) | no (1) |
NTLDR | no (1) | no (1) |
Plan9 | no (1) | no (1) |
FreeDOS | no (1) | no (1) |
FreeBSD bootloader | crashes (1) | crashes (1) |
32-bit kFreeBSD | headless | headless |
64-bit kFreeBSD | headless | headless |
32-bit kNetBSD | crashes (1) | crashes (1) |
64-bit kNetBSD | yes | yes |
32-bit kOpenBSD | headless | headless |
64-bit kOpenBSD | headless | headless |
Multiboot | yes | yes |
Multiboot2 | yes | yes |
32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) | no (1) |
64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) | no (1) |
32-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
64-bit Linux (modern protocol) | yes | yes |
32-bit XNU | yes | yes |
64-bit XNU | yes (4) | yes |
32-bit EFI chainloader | yes | no (3) |
64-bit EFI chainloader | no (3) | yes |
Appleloader | yes | yes |
ia32 IEEE1275 | |
BIOS chainloading | no (1) |
NTLDR | no (1) |
Plan9 | no (1) |
FreeDOS | no (1) |
FreeBSD bootloader | crashes (1) |
32-bit kFreeBSD | crashes (5) |
64-bit kFreeBSD | crashes (5) |
32-bit kNetBSD | crashes (1) |
64-bit kNetBSD | ? |
32-bit kOpenBSD | ? |
64-bit kOpenBSD | ? |
Multiboot | ? |
Multiboot2 | ? |
32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) |
64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) | no (1) |
32-bit Linux (modern protocol) | ? |
64-bit Linux (modern protocol) | ? |
32-bit XNU | ? |
64-bit XNU | ? |
32-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) |
64-bit EFI chainloader | no (2) |
Appleloader | no (2) |
PowerPC, IA64 and Sparc64 ports support only Linux. MIPS port supports Linux and multiboot2.
As you have seen in previous chapter the support matrix is pretty big and some of the configurations are only rarely used. To ensure the quality bootchecks are available for all x86 targets except EFI chainloader, Appleloader and XNU. All x86 platforms have bootcheck facility except ieee1275. Multiboot, multiboot2, BIOS chainloader, ntldr and freebsd-bootloader boot targets are tested only with a fake kernel images. Only Linux is tested among the payloads using Linux protocols.
Following variables must be defined:
GRUB_PAYLOADS_DIR | directory containing the required kernels |
GRUB_CBFSTOOL | cbfstool from Coreboot package (for coreboot platform only) |
GRUB_COREBOOT_ROM | empty Coreboot ROM |
GRUB_QEMU_OPTS | additional options to be supplied to QEMU |
Required files are:
kfreebsd_env.i386 | 32-bit kFreeBSD device hints |
kfreebsd.i386 | 32-bit FreeBSD kernel image |
kfreebsd.x86_64, kfreebsd_env.x86_64 | same from 64-bit kFreeBSD |
knetbsd.i386 | 32-bit NetBSD kernel image |
knetbsd.miniroot.i386 | 32-bit kNetBSD miniroot.kmod. |
knetbsd.x86_64, knetbsd.miniroot.x86_64 | same from 64-bit kNetBSD |
kopenbsd.i386 | 32-bit OpenBSD kernel bsd.rd image |
kopenbsd.x86_64 | same from 64-bit kOpenBSD |
linux.i386 | 32-bit Linux |
linux.x86_64 | 64-bit Linux |
Next: Invoking grub2-install, Previous: Supported kernels, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
• GRUB only offers a rescue shell: |
Up: Troubleshooting [Contents][Index]
GRUB’s normal start-up procedure involves setting the ‘prefix’
environment variable to a value set in the core image by
grub2-install
, setting the ‘root’ variable to match, loading
the ‘normal’ module from the prefix, and running the ‘normal’
command (see normal). This command is responsible for reading
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg, running the menu, and doing all the useful
things GRUB is supposed to do.
If, instead, you only get a rescue shell, this usually means that GRUB failed to load the ‘normal’ module for some reason. It may be possible to work around this temporarily: for instance, if the reason for the failure is that ‘prefix’ is wrong (perhaps it refers to the wrong device, or perhaps the path to /boot/grub was not correctly made relative to the device), then you can correct this and enter normal mode manually:
# Inspect the current prefix (and other preset variables): set # Find out which devices are available: ls # Set to the correct value, which might be something like this: set prefix=(hd0,1)/grub set root=(hd0,1) insmod normal normal
However, any problem that leaves you in the rescue shell probably means that GRUB was not correctly installed. It may be more useful to try to reinstall it properly using grub2-install device (see Invoking grub2-install). When doing this, there are a few things to remember:
grub2-install
to install GRUB
to a partition but GRUB has already been installed in the master boot
record, then the GRUB installation in the partition will be ignored.
Next: Invoking grub2-mkconfig, Previous: Troubleshooting, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-install
generates a GRUB core image using
grub2-mkimage
and installs it on your system. You must specify the
device name on which you want to install GRUB, like this:
grub2-install install_device
The device name install_device is an OS device name or a GRUB device name.
In order to support UEFI Secure Boot, the resulting GRUB EFI binary must
be signed by a recognized private key. For this reason, for EFI
platforms, most distributions also ship prebuilt GRUB EFI binaries
signed by a distribution-specific private key. In this case, however,
grub2-install
should not be used because it would overwrite
the signed EFI binary.
grub2-install
accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Install GRUB images under the directory dir/grub/ This option is useful when you want to install GRUB into a separate partition or a removable disk. If this option is not specified then it defaults to /boot, so
grub2-install /dev/sda
is equivalent to
grub2-install --boot-directory=/boot/ /dev/sda
Here is an example in which you have a separate boot partition which is mounted on /mnt/boot:
grub2-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdb
Recheck the device map, even if /boot/grub2/device.map already exists. You should use this option whenever you add/remove a disk into/from your computer.
By default on x86 BIOS systems, grub2-install
will use some
extra space in the bootloader embedding area for Reed-Solomon
error-correcting codes. This enables GRUB to still boot successfully
if some blocks are corrupted. The exact amount of protection offered
is dependent on available space in the embedding area. R sectors of
redundancy can tolerate up to R/2 corrupted sectors. This
redundancy may be cumbersome if attempting to cryptographically
validate the contents of the bootloader embedding area, or in more
modern systems with GPT-style partition tables (see BIOS installation) where GRUB does not reside in any unpartitioned space
outside of the MBR. Disable the Reed-Solomon codes with this option.
Next: Invoking grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Previous: Invoking grub2-install, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mkconfig
generates a configuration file for GRUB
(see Simple configuration).
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
grub2-mkconfig
accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Send the generated configuration file to file. The default is to send it to standard output.
Next: Invoking grub2-mkrelpath, Previous: Invoking grub2-mkconfig, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
generates password hashes for
GRUB (see Security).
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
accepts the following options:
Number of iterations of the underlying pseudo-random function. Defaults to 10000.
Length of the generated hash. Defaults to 64.
Length of the salt. Defaults to 64.
Next: Invoking grub2-mkrescue, Previous: Invoking grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mkrelpath
makes a file system path relative to
the root of its containing file system. For instance, if /usr is a
mount point, then:
$ grub2-mkrelpath /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ‘/share/grub/unicode.pf2’
This is mainly used internally by other GRUB utilities such as
grub2-mkconfig
(see Invoking grub2-mkconfig), but may
occasionally also be useful for debugging.
grub2-mkrelpath
accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Next: Invoking grub2-mount, Previous: Invoking grub2-mkrelpath, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mkrescue
generates a bootable GRUB rescue image
(see Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM).
grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso
All arguments not explicitly listed as grub2-mkrescue
options are
passed on directly to xorriso
in mkisofs
emulation mode.
Options passed to xorriso
will normally be interpreted as
mkisofs
options; if the option ‘--’ is used, then anything
after that will be interpreted as native xorriso
options.
Non-option arguments specify additional source directories. This is commonly used to add extra files to the image:
mkdir -p disk/boot/grub
(add extra files to disk/boot/grub)
grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso disk
grub2-mkrescue
accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Save output in file. This "option" is required.
Pre-load the named GRUB modules in the image. Multiple entries in modules should be separated by whitespace (so you will probably need to quote this for your shell).
If generating images for the QEMU or Coreboot platforms, copy the resulting qemu.img or coreboot.elf files respectively to the dir directory as well as including them in the image.
Use file as the xorriso
program, rather than the built-in
default.
Use file as the grub2-mkimage
program, rather than the
built-in default.
Next: Invoking grub2-probe, Previous: Invoking grub2-mkrescue, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-mount
performs a read-only mount of any file
system or file system image that GRUB understands, using GRUB’s file system
drivers via FUSE. (It is only available if FUSE development files were
present when GRUB was built.) This has a number of uses:
Using grub2-mount
is normally as simple as:
grub-mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
grub2-mount
must be given one or more images and a mount point as
non-option arguments (if it is given more than one image, it will treat them
as a RAID set), and also accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Mount encrypted devices, prompting for a passphrase if necessary.
Show debugging output for conditions matching string.
Load a ZFS encryption key. If you use ‘prompt’ as the argument,
grub2-mount
will read a passphrase from the terminal; otherwise, it
will read key material from the specified file.
Set the GRUB root device to device. You do not normally need to set
this; grub2-mount
will automatically set the root device to the
root of the supplied file system.
If device is just a number, then it will be treated as a partition number within the supplied image. This means that, if you have an image of an entire disk in disk.img, then you can use this command to mount its second partition:
grub-mount -r 2 disk.img mount-point
Print verbose messages.
Next: Invoking grub2-script-check, Previous: Invoking grub2-mount, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-probe
probes device information for a given path
or device.
grub-probe --target=fs /boot/grub grub-probe --target=drive --device /dev/sda1
grub2-probe
must be given a path or device as a non-option
argument, and also accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
If this option is given, then the non-option argument is a system device
name (such as ‘/dev/sda1’), and grub2-probe
will print
information about that device. If it is not given, then the non-option
argument is a filesystem path (such as ‘/boot/grub’), and
grub2-probe
will print information about the device containing that
part of the filesystem.
Use file as the device map (see Device map) rather than the default, usually ‘/boot/grub2/device.map’.
Print information about the given path or device as defined by target. The available targets and their meanings are:
GRUB filesystem module.
Filesystem Universally Unique Identifier (UUID).
Filesystem label.
GRUB device name.
System device name.
GRUB partition map module.
GRUB abstraction module (e.g. ‘lvm’).
Crypto device UUID.
MBR partition type code (two hexadecimal digits).
A string of platform search hints suitable for passing to the
search
command (see search).
Search hints for the PC BIOS platform.
Search hints for the IEEE1275 platform.
Search hints for platforms where disks are addressed directly rather than via firmware.
Search hints for the EFI platform.
Search hints for the ARC platform.
A guess at a reasonable GRUB drive name for this device, which may be
used as a fallback if the search
command fails.
System device name for the whole disk.
Print verbose messages.
Next: Obtaining and Building GRUB, Previous: Invoking grub2-probe, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
The program grub2-script-check
takes a GRUB script file
(see Shell-like scripting) and checks it for syntax errors, similar to
commands such as sh -n
. It may take a path as a non-option
argument; if none is supplied, it will read from standard input.
grub-script-check /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
grub2-script-check
accepts the following options:
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
Print each line of input after reading it.
Next: Reporting bugs, Previous: Invoking grub2-script-check, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Caution: GRUB requires binutils-2.9.1.0.23 or later because the GNU assembler has been changed so that it can produce real 16bits machine code between 2.9.1 and 2.9.1.0.x. See http://sources.redhat.com/binutils/, to obtain information on how to get the latest version.
GRUB is available from the GNU alpha archive site ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub or any of its mirrors. The file will be named grub-version.tar.gz. The current version is 2.03, so the file you should grab is:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.03.tar.gz
To unbundle GRUB use the instruction:
zcat grub-2.03.tar.gz | tar xvf -
which will create a directory called grub-2.03 with all the sources. You can look at the file INSTALL for detailed instructions on how to build and install GRUB, but you should be able to just do:
cd grub-2.03 ./configure make install
Also, the latest version is available using Git. See http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-download.html for more information.
Next: Future, Previous: Obtaining and Building GRUB, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
These are the guideline for how to report bugs. Take a look at this list below before you submit bugs:
The information on your hardware is also essential. These are especially important: the geometries and the partition tables of your hard disk drives and your BIOS.
When you attach a patch, make the patch in unified diff format, and write ChangeLog entries. But, even when you make a patch, don’t forget to explain the problem, so that we can understand what your patch is for.
If you follow the guideline above, submit a report to the Bug Tracking System. Alternatively, you can submit a report via electronic mail to bug-grub@gnu.org, but we strongly recommend that you use the Bug Tracking System, because e-mail can be passed over easily.
Once we get your report, we will try to fix the bugs.
Next: Copying This Manual, Previous: Reporting bugs, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
GRUB 2 is now quite stable and used in many production systems. We are currently working towards a 2.0 release.
If you are interested in the development of GRUB 2, take a look at the homepage.
• GNU Free Documentation License: | License for copying this manual. |
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chain-load is the mechanism for loading unsupported operating systems by loading another boot loader. It is typically used for loading DOS or Windows.
The NetBSD/i386 kernel is Multiboot-compliant, but lacks support for Multiboot modules.
Only CRC32 data integrity check is supported (xz default is CRC64 so one should use –check=crc32 option). LZMA BCJ filters are supported.
There are a few pathological cases where loading a very badly organized ELF kernel might take longer, but in practice this never happen.
The LInux LOader, a boot loader that everybody uses, but nobody likes.
El Torito is a specification for bootable CD using BIOS functions.
Currently a backslash-newline pair within a variable name is not handled properly, so use this feature with some care.
However, this behavior will be changed in the future version, in a user-invisible way.